Binding functional aspects

Bass NM (1988) The cellular fatty acid binding proteins aspects of structure, regulation, and function. Int Rev Cytol 111 143-84... 

Lanthanides substitution in proteins also provide structural and functional aspects of proteins. The techniques which provide such useful information are NMR and luminescence techniques. NMR helps assignment of peaks and also provides conformational analysis (i.e.) in identification of acid residues in the vicinity of the binding site. A useful situation arises when the lanthanum binding site is in proximity to the active site. Luminescence spectroscopy gives the number of water molecules bound and also the interionic distance in cases where two binding sites are present. 

Initial efforts have concentrated on the functional aspects of enzymes, that is, their active sites. While nature has provided a wealth of enzymes with varying substrate activities, there exists a need for additional sources and types of enzymes with higher mmover rates and substrate specificities. This has resulted from the fact that many commercially valuable enzymes are, in economic terms at least, less efficient than desired, often needing co-factors as catalysts. Based on sequence structure ftinction data, site-directed mutagenesis has generated new variants with higher substrate binding affinities. 

Functional Aspects of ATP7B. Since the discovery of the Menkes and Wilson disease genes, the stndies of many research gronps revealed varions aspects of how these copper-ATPases work. The nniqne metal-binding cytosolic N-terminal domain of copper ATPases has been the focus of much research. In copper ATPases with multiple copperbinding domains, the closest to the transmembrane region appears to be frmctionally more important than the ones closest to the amino terminus. Therefore, the role of... 

Electroanalyhcal techniques (also in combination with other techniques, e.g., ophcal techniques such as photometry and Raman spectrometry) can be employed to inveshgate many functional aspects of proteins and enzymes in particular. It is possible to study the biocatalytic process with respect to the chemistry of the active site, the interfacial and intramolecular ET, slow enzyme achva-tors or inhibitors, the pH dependence, the transport of tlie substrate, and even more parameters. For example, slow scan voltammetry can be used to determine the relation of ET rates or of protonation and ligand binding. In contrast, fast scan voltammetry allows the determination of rates of interfacial ET. In addition, it is also possible to investigate chemical reactions that are coupled to the ET process, such as protonation. The use of direct ET for mechanistic studies of redox enzymes was recently reviewed by Leger and Bertrand [27]. Mathemahcal models help to elucidate the impact of different variables on the enhre current signal [27, 75, 76]. 

The size of the K-system chosen has important implication on the structural and functional aspects of metal binding. To explore the size effect calculations were performed on the cation-ir complexes of Li+ and Mg + with the Jt-face of linear and cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons [45]. In the case of the acyclic Jt-systems, we started with the simplest system, e.g. ethylene followed by buta-1,3-diene, hexa-l,3,5-triene, and octa-1,3,5, 7-tetraene with 2, 3 and 4, conjugated jt units, respectively. These linear systems with two and more number of jt units can have various conformations wherein the jt units can have cis, trans or a combination of both cis and trans orientations. Similarly for cyclic systems cyclobutadiene, benzene, cyclooctateraene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and naphthacene have been included. Thus a wide range of sizes for aromatic systems have been covered. 

Mebius et al. (1991) reported that the morphological and functional aspects of HEV can be studied by organ culture of mouse isolated axillary, brachial, or inguinal lymph nodes. At 24 h of culture, the appearance of the node was still quite normal, whereas the HEV became flat-walled, with a 45-50% reduction in the capacity to bind lymphocytes. This decrease in function of HEV could be reduced when lymph nodes were cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharides. The effect of lipopoly-saccharides on the function of HEV was presumably mediated by macrophages in the subcapsular sinus, because HEV in lymph nodes, which were depleted of subcapsular sinus and medullary macrophages previous to culture, could not be stimulated by addition of lipopolysaccharides to the culture. 

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