Binder highly viscous

Chemical reaction Hardening binders Highly viscous binders Adsorption layers (<3nm)... 

Adhesion and cohesion forces in not freely movable binders. If highly viscous binders are applied, adhesion forces at the solid-fluid interface and cohesion forces within the fluid can be fully used for binding until the weaker of the two fails. 

In all other cases shown in Figure 14 the particles can or must be composed of different materials and also the bridges, if present, may have another composition. The condition depicted by case (b) is characterized by a thin, not freely movable layer enveloping the particle which, if certain circumstances prevail, acts as a binder. Particularly, these layers can be the product of chemical reactions as well as hardening or highly viscous binders. Adsorption layers, which below 3 nm thickness are generally immobile, can also participate in adhesion. 

Chemical reaction (1.2) Hardening binders (1.4) Highly viscous binders (11.1) Adsorption layers (<3 nm thickness) (11.2)... 

Highly Viscous Binders (1.1) Crystallizalion of Dissolved Adsorption Layers Substarices... 

Some particulate solids, especially those that are relatively coarse, do not exhibit inherent binding tendencies therefore, a binder must be added to secure adhesion of the particles. The main binding mechanisms for such cases are Bridges of highly viscous media and the negative capillary pressure in liquid bridges caused by the surface tension of freely movable liquids that wet the solids. Processes that use added viscous and liquid binders apply low to medium-pressure a lomeration (see Chapter... 

Various kneader designs (e.g., ram, internal, screw, paddle, Z-, arm, and planetary kneaders. Fig. 7.7) are used to produce highly viscous (pasty) paint concentrates (master batches), uncured rubber compositions, and putties. Kneaders have a high energy consumption because they are generally used to produce systems that have a low binder content or are difficult to wet [7.23]. 

As mentioned earlier, there are a number of other substances whose use can be characterized as occasional or, in some particular cases, also entirely intentional. Concerning fairly liquid binders, one can choose among (iv) aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons [7, 38—41] and (v) organic ethers and esters (e.g., tricresyl phosphate and dioctyl phthalate [57]). Thicker but still fluid binders can be some (vi) aromatic hydrocarbons [39, 51, 52] and (vii) highly viscous polysilox-anes (such as sihcone fluids with > 20 000 [56]). Their advantage is a more compact carbon paste mixture, but its manual preparation may be less comfortable [16]. 

Figure 11.2 Typical microstructures of two new forms of carbon and four carbon paste mixtures, made of traditional oil binders and ionic liquid. Abbreviations and symbols used Cjpg, spectroscopic graphite powder GC, glassy carbon powder ("Sigradur ") CNTs, carbon nanotubes ("SW-" type) MO, mineral oil SO, silicone oil (highly viscous type) and IL, ionic liquid (BMImPF6) the individual...

Five primary methods exist to form an agglomerated granule. They are formation of solid bridges, sintering, chemical reaction, crystallization, or deposition of colloidal particles. Binding can also be achieved through adhesion and cohesion forces in highly viscous binders. 

Ionic liquids (IL) are common electrolytes for use in ionic and c acitive actuators operable in air. IL fills the porous structure of the carbonaceous electrodes and tire intercoimected porous network in the polymeric separator in-between the electrodes. IL-incorporated polymer can be required also as a binder in the electrodes. As an advantageous property, carbon nanotubes form a highly viscous gel - a so-called bucky-gel, when mixed with ionic Uquids (Fukushima et al. 2005 Fukushima et al. 2003). The bucky-gel electrodes do not requite addition of any polymeric binder, which, in turn, helps to retain good electrical conductivity along the electrodes. 

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