Big-bang singularity

There are no special points in an isotropic space. An isotropic universe therefore denies the possibility of a unique singular point. Either the big-bang singularity occured at all points of space or not at all. Having agreed that space does not expand, it means that a big bang in an isotropic universe occured everywhere. How can such a universe expand any further and what happened to the infinite mass, which was created instantaneously at every point throughout the universe ... 

A more logical response would be looking for a relativistic, rather than a quantum, solution of the cosmological problem in order to avoid the big-bang singularity in a natm-al way. Twenty years ago Maddox (1989) recommended ... 

Proper time Measure of time by a standard clock in the reference frame of a hypothetical observer. In describing periods in the evolution of the entire universe, the reference frame is chosen as one that at each event is comoving with the local expansion. The proper time since the big bang singularity is called the age of the universe. 

It is said or implied that the origin of this pristine explosion (pristinus, the earliest, untouched, uncorrupted), ordinarily referred to as the Big Bang, was even denser than a singularity in a black hole, but I have never seen any theory that would explain anything more dense than the point where all space, shape, memory, and all forces... 

In the late seventies, the history of the early Universe was described with the help of the hot Big-Bang scenario the universe originated from an initial singularity and had then expanded, being filled by radiation and subsequently by non relativistic matter (baryon and Dark Matter). 

As long as one is in a situation where js positive, the initial singularity happens at time t = 0, rj = 0, and the distance a photon can travel since the Big-Bang (this distance is called the horizon for obvious reasons) is simply... 

Synthesis of these notions leads to an alternative cosmology that has little in common with the standard model. It may not have the same dogmatic appeal as the big bang, but it unifies a growing body of discordant empirical evidence, based on all the matter and energy in the universe, the Copernican principle and sound mathematics, without singularities. It has the potential directly to address the basic notions of chirality, astronomical anomalies, holistic self-similarity and other cosmological puzzles, such as Zwicky s paradox, in addition to traditional celestial mechanics. In effect, it calls for the re-examination and re-interpretation of the cosmic whole. 

The Big Bang theory postulates that the universe began eis a singularity about four billion years ago, expanding rapidly and eventually forming the stars, galaxies, planets and everything else we see. 

An important aspect of quantum field theory in curved space-time is its description of Hawking radiation (seeHawking process). It is necessary to consider quantum gravity in the very early universe, just after the big bang, and the singularities associated with black holes can also be interpreted as requiting a quantum theory of gravity. 

One of the main theories in modem cosmology, the Big Bang theory, proposes that about 15 billion years ago the whole universe was concentrated to a singularity of extreme density. Time and space did not exist, nor did stars, planets, minerals or elements. Everything arose from nothing , initially just a hot plasma of quarks and... 

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