Bernal

For our purposes, the best of the various memoirs of Goldschmidt are a lecture by the British crystallographer and polymath John Desmond Bernal (Bernal 1949),... 

Bernal, J.D. (1949) J. Chem. Soc. p. 2108 (This journal at that time carried no volume numbers). 

Bridgman had strong views on the importance of empirical research, influenced as little as possible by theory, and this helped him test the influence of numerous variables that lesser mortals failed to heed. He kept clear of quantum mechanics and dislocation theory, for instance. He became deeply ensconced in the philosophy of physics research for instance, he published a famous book on dimensional analysis, and another on the logic of modern physics . When he sought to extrapolate his ideas into the domain of social science, he found himself embroiled in harsh disputes this has happened to a number of eminent scientists, for instance, J.D. Bernal. Walter s book goes into this aspect of Bridgman s life in detail. 

At this point we should also recall another application of the already mentioned Bernal model of amorphous surface. Namely, Cascarini de Torre and Bottani [106] have used it to generate a mesoporous amorphous carbonaceous surface, with the help of computer simulation and for further application to the computer simulation study of adsorption. They have added a new component to the usual Bernal model by introducing the possibility of the deletion of atoms, or rather groups of atoms, from the surface according to some rules. Depending on the particular choice of those rules, surfaces of different porosity and structure can be obtained. In particular, they have shown examples of mono- as well as pohdispersed porous surfaces... 

E. Pocumll, R. M. Marce, F. Bonnll, J. L. Bernal, L. Toribio and M. L. Serna, On-line solid-phase extraction coupled to supercritical fluid chromatography to determine phenol and nitrophenols in water , ]. Chromatogr. 755 67-74 (1996). 

Using a more detailed model for the HjO molecule, Bernal and Fowler8 obtained a value somewhat greater than this for the mutual electrostatic 1 See Note 2 of the Appendix. 

The theory of the structure of ice and water, proposed by Bernal and Fowler, has already been mentioned. They also discussed the solvation of atomic ions, comparing theoretical values of the heats of solvation with the observed values. As a result of these studies they came to the conclusion that at room temperature the situation of any alkali ion or any halide ion in water was very similar to that of a water molecule itself— namely, that the number of water molecules in contact with such an ion was usually four. At any rate the observed energies were consistent with this conclusion. This would mean that each atomic ion in solution occupies a position which, in pure water, would be occupied by a water moldfcule. In other words, each solute particle occupies a position normally occupied by a solvent particle as already mentioned, a solution of this kind is said to be formed by the process of one-for-one substitution (see also Sec. 39). 

More complicated and less known than the structure of pure water is the structure of aqueous solutions. In all cases, the structure of water is changed, more or less, by dissolved substances. A quantitative measure for the influence of solutes on the structure of water was given in 1933 by Bernal and Fowler 23), introducing the terminus structure temperature, Tsl . This is the temperature at which any property of pure water has the same value as the solution at 20 °C. If a solute increases Tst, the number of hydrogen bonded water molecules is decreased and therefore it is called a water structure breaker . Vice versa, a Tsl decreasing solute is called a water structure maker . Concomitantly the mobility of water molecules becomes higher or lower, respectively. 

Bernal, M. J. M., and Boys, S. F., Trans. Roy. Soc. [London) A245, 116, (i) Electronic wave functions. VII. Methods of evalua-ating the fundamental coefficients for the expansion of vector-coupled Schrodinger integrals and some values of these. ... 

Goldschmidt (1926) grouped metals and covalent crystals together, and Bernal (1929) pointed out that many properties of metals indicate that metallic bonds are closely similar to covalent bonds. I developed this idea further (Pauling, 1938), and formulated a set of metallic radii in 1947, with use of the empirical equa-... 

I feel now that I was influenced to some extent by my knowledge that in 1926 Goldschmidt had formulated a set of atomic radii that represented reasonably well the interatomic distances in both covalent crystals and metals (5). I was also impressed by a discussion of the properties of metals by Bernal, who, however, rejected the idea that covalent bonds are present in metals (4). Bragg also rejected this idea (5). 

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