Bernal, John

Bernal chart, 209 Bernal, John D., 209 Bernard, Claude, 135 Bernoulli, Daniel, 135 Berthollet, Claude-L., 135,192,... 

For our purposes, the best of the various memoirs of Goldschmidt are a lecture by the British crystallographer and polymath John Desmond Bernal (Bernal 1949),... 

One of the most interesting is the theory of surface metabolism, an approach that was proposed, in different forms, by John Bernal in 1951, by Graham Cairns-Smith in 1982 and by Gunter Wachters-hauser in 1998. The central idea of this theory is based on solid thermodynamic arguments. The formation of a peptide bond is not favoured in solution because it increases the entropy of the system, but on a surface the same process takes place with a decrease of entropy, and is therefore favoured. And this is true not only for peptide bonding but for many other types of polymerisation. A great number of enzymatic reactions require a collision of three molecules, an event which is highly unlikely in space but much more probable on a surface. 

See, e.g., L. E. Orgel, The Origins of Life Molecules and Natural Selection, John Wiley Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1973 J. D. Bernal, The Origin of Life, The World Publ. Co., Cleveland and New York, 1967. 

John Desmond Bernal, The Flesh , in The World, the Flesh and die Devil An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul (London, 1929). 

The writing of this text has benefitted from the helpful advice of many reviewers. They include Ivan Bernal, Donald H. Berry, Patricia A. Bianconi, Andrew B. Bocarsly, P. Michael Boorman, Jeremy Burden, Ben DeGraff, Russell S. Drago, Daniel C. Harris, Roald Hoffmann, Joel F. Liebman, John Milne, Terrance Murphy, Jack Pladziewicz, Philip Power, Arnold L. Rheingold, Richard Thompson, Glenn Vogel. Marc Walters, James H. Weber, and Jeff Zink. 

Robert Robinson postulated that cholesterol is derived from the triterpene squalene (see the structure above). The correct structure of cholesterol (see chapter 2) was finally proven in 1932 by independent chemical studies by Wieland and Windaus and crystallographic studies by John Desmond ( J. D. ) Bernal (1901-70), Dorothy Crowfoot (1910-94 after 1937 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin) and Otto Rosenheim (1871-1955). 

From a kinetic viewpoint, salinity action on the water solution structure is similar to the action of temperature and pressure. This was a reason to compare the effect of temperature and pressure, on the one hand, and salinity, on the other, on the mobility of solution components, and therefore, on its structure. In this connection John Desmond Bernal (1901-1971) and Ralph Howard Fowler (1889-1944) introduced the concept of structural temperature of the solution. Under their definition, structural temperature of a given solution is equal to the temperatme of pine water with the solution s structural properties (viscosity, density, refraction, etc.). Ions with positive hydration work as lowering of temperature and have structural temperature below the solution temperature ions with negative hydration - as increase of temperature, and their structural temperature is higher than the solution s temperature. Non-polar compounds occupy plentiful space, thereby lowering the intensity of translation motion of the water molecules, lowering the structural temperature of the solution, as in a case of positive hydration. 

Daly AK, Donaldson PT, Bhatnagar P, Shen Y, Pe er I, Floratos A, Daly MJ, Goldstein DB, John S, Nelson MR, Graham J, Park BK, Dillon JF, Bernal W, Cordell HJ, Pirmohamed M, Aithal GP, Day CP, DILIGEN Study International SAE Consortium. HLA-B 5701 genotype is a major determinant of drug-induced liver injury due to flucloxacillin. Nat Genet 2009 41 816-819. 

Irish physicist John Desmond Bernal invents the Bernal... 

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