Bern Convention

The most important of these iprs conventions include the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1967) the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1971) the Rome Convention (1961) and the Washington Treaty on ip in Respect of Integrated Circuits (1989). UPOV, initiated by a group of western European countries, is based on the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants signed in Paris in 1961. 

Sam Ricketson, The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 1886-1986, (London Kluwer, 1987), pp. 5-6. 

Since 1978, member nations who are party to the Berne Convention (an international copyright agreement among nations) have not required a copyright notice on materials that are protected by copyright. Effective March 1,... 

The relatively non-poisonous red phosphorus was discovered in 1845 (Anton Schrotter in Vienna) and had been used since 1851-1852 (some sources say the Paris Exhibition of 1855), either in the match itself or within the material of the surface upon which the match was rubbed ("safety matches"). However, "friction matches" incorporating white phosphorus continued to be made for a least another half-century and it wasn t until the reatisation, in 1898 (Sevene and Cahen in France), that the non-poisonous phosphorus sesquisulphide (P4S3 previously discovered by Berzelius) could be used successfully as a substitute, that an agreement (eventually in Europe, the "Berne Convention 1906" in USA, the "Esch" law and "Match Act" of 1912) finally put an end to the use of white phosphorus in the match industry. 

Both copyright law and the Berne Convention must be considered prior to implementing a conservation strategy to counteract degradation of the artwork over time. If the artist agrees to the treatment proposed by the owner institute, there is no conflict. However, if the artist intended the work to be ephemeral from its conception, while the owner wishes to prolong its useful lifetime, the situation is more complex and not covered by established law. 

Early factory workers with the element suffered from a dangerous and fatal condition known as necrosis of the jaw - phossy jaw . This disease is now virtually unknown as a result of general industrial precautions. The use of white phosphorus in match compositions was banned many years ago in most countries (Berne Convention 1906) [12a,12b]. 

The acute distress among match workers using white P was later reduced to some extent by automation and improved factory ventilation, and the use of white phosphorus was banned in some countries following its replacement by P4S3. In 1906, almost all countries were signatories to the Berne Convention which outlawed using white P in matches. 

This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. 

This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved. 

---