Berlin Academy of Sciences

Bunsen had announced this discovery to the Berlin Academy of Sciences on May 10, 1860 (8). 

On the way home Arrhenius was offered a professorship of chemistry at the Berlin Academy of Sciences, the same honor which van t Hoff had previously accepted. King Oscar II of Sweden planned a more tempting offer to keep him at home. The King founded the Nobel Institute for Physical Research at Stockholm, and Arrhenius was made director. Oxford and Cambridge honored him with degrees. 

Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777), mathematician, physicist and philosopher, was a tutor for the Earl P. v. Salis in Chur from 1748-1759, where he wrote his famous work on photometry [5.2]. In 1759 he became a member of the Bavarian Academy of Science and upon proposal by L. Euler became a member of the Berlin Academy of Science in 1765. Lambert wrote several philosophical works and dealt with subjects from all areas of physics and astronomy in his numerous publications. He presented the absolute zero point as a limit in the expansion of gases and constructed several air thermometers. In 1761 he proved that v and e are not rational numbers. His works on trigonometry were particularly important for the theory of map construction. 

H. Stach, thesis (Prom. B), Berlin, Academy of Sciences, 1977. 

Its second birth was promoted by the German chemist M. Klaproth. At the Berlin Academy of Sciences session on January 25, 1798, he reported about the gold-bearing ore from Seven Mountains . Klaproth repeated what Muller had done in his time. But if the latter was in doubt there was no doubt for M. Klaproth. He named the new element tellurium (from the Latin tellus for Earth ). Although Klaproth had received the reo sample from Muller, he did not want... 

On April 11, 1860, R. Bunsen wrote to G. Roskoe (his collaborator in a study in photochemistry) about his investigation of the new alkali metal. On May 10 he reported the discovery of cesium to the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Six months later Bunsen already had 50 g of almost pure cesium chloroplatinate. To obtain such an amount of the product, it was required to process nearly 300 tons of mineral water about one kilogram of lithium chloride was isolated as a side product. These figures show how small was the cesium content in mineral spring waters. 

From 1780, Klaproth published a large number of chemical researches, mainly in analytical chemistry, which was his speciality. In 1786 he opposed Lavoisier s theory, but on 16 September 1792, he successfully repeated Lavoisier s experiments before the Berlin Academy of Science (of which he became a member in 1788) in consequence he adopted the new theory, and was followed by other German chemists. Klaproth was Assessor of Pharmacy to the Collegium Medicum from 1782, professor of chemistry to the Royal Feldartilleriecorps from 1787, and to the Royal Artillerie Academie from 1791, member of the Obercollegium Medici et Sanitatis from 1799, and from its foundation in 1810 until his death he was the first professor of chemistry in the University of Berlin. 

The experiment was repeated by Bryan Higgins with an improved apparatus, and also repeated and modified by V. V. Petrov (1761-1834) in St. Petersburg it was successfully repeated by Klaproth in the Berlin Academy of Sciences on 16 September 1792. ... 

In Berlin, Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (see Chapter 14 Magnesium and Calcium), director of the chemical laboratory at the Berlin Academy of Sciences 1754-1760, made many experiments with platinum. He observed traces of mercury in the native platinum and concluded that it was a residue from an amalgamation process. He repeated Lewis s experiments with sal ammoniac and obtained the same result... 

Only after all these publications did Einstein s academic career begin privatdozent in Berne, 1908 associate professor at the University of Zurich, 1909, the year of his first honorai y degree (Geneva) full professor at Karl Ferdinand University, Prague, 1911 professor at the ETH, 1912 professor and member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, Berlin, 1914-1932, where he arrived four months before the outbreak of World War I. 

Siemens constructed the first electric railway shown at the Berlin Trade Fair of 1879 and the first electrically-operated lift m 1880, and the first electric trams began operating in Berlin in 1881. Siemens received many honors for his work an 1860 hon-oraiy doctorate from the University of Berlin, an 1873 membership m the Royal Academy of Science, and an 1888 knighthood from Emperor Friedrich III. Siemens died m Berlin, Charlotteiiburg, on December 6, 1892. 

Institute for Organic Chemistry of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin, Bethn-Adlershof, Germany... 

Berlin, A. M. Dissertation for the Degree of Candidate of Sciences, Institute of Element -Organic Chemistry, USSR Academy of Sciences 1966... 

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101, 5347. (b) Ojima, I. (ed.) (2000) Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis, 2nd edn, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, New York, (c) Jacobsen, E.N., Pfallz, A. and Yamamoto, H. (eds) (1999) Comprehensive Asymmetric Catalysis, Springer, Berlin, (d) Noyori, R. (1994) Asymmetric Catalysis in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley Sons, Ltd, New York, (e) Drauz, K and Waldmann, H. (eds) (2002) Enzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis A Comprehensive Handbook,... 

Data from National Academy of Sciences (NAS). 1978. An Assessment of Mercury in the Environment. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C. 185 pp. Clarkson, T.W., R. Hamada, and L. Amin-Zaki. 1984. Mercury. Pages 285-309 in J.O. Nriagu (ed.). Changing Metal Cycles and Human Health. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

This was the period during which Deville, Berthelot, Moissan, and other leading French chemists had persisted in the use of an outmoded chemical notation abandoned elsewhere. 16 By 1870 or so, the equivalent notation had disappeared in chemical journals outside France. French atomists sometimes used the tactics of the Sorbonne organic chemist Friedel, who wrote acetylene dichloride as C2H2C12 for the Berichte of the Berlin Chemical Society but C4H2C12 for the Comptes rendus of the Paris Academy of Sciences. 17... 

Central Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the G.D.R., Rudower Chaussee 5, Berlin - Adlershof, 1156 - German Democratic Republic. 

Later, the Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Repubfic (GDR) founded three research institutes in Berfin-Buch one for Cancer Research, another for Cardiovascular Research and a third one for Molecular Biology. In 1992, due to the German reunification, a new institution was developed from these three institutes - the Max Delbriick Center. It is named after the Berlin-born scientist Max Delbriick who strongly influenced the development of molecular biology. 

Because of its relation to saltpeter, P.-J. Macquer regarded nitric acid as a kind of sulfuric acid modified by its passage through animal and vegetable substances. In 1750, said he, the Royal Academy of Sciences at Berlin proposed an account of the generation of Nitre as the subject for their prize, which was conferred on a Memoir wherein this last opinion was supported by some new and very judicious experiments (8). Macquer stated that the Nitrous [nitric] Acid is never found but in earths and stones which have been impregnated with matters subject to putrefaction. (8). 

Muller s important discovery seems to have been overlooked for fifteen years, but on January 25, 1798, M. H. Klaproth read a paper on the gold ores of Transylvania before the Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He reminded his hearers of the forgotten element, and suggested for it the name tellurium, meaning earth, by which it has ever since been known (3). It is hard to understand why so many historians of science credit him with the discovery of tellurium. Klaproth, who was never desirous of undeserved honors, stated definitely that the element had been discovered by Muller von Reichenstein in 1782 (11, 14). 

Nobel Symp., 47, ed. L. Kihlborg, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, 1979 also D. J. Smith in Chemistry and Physics of Solid Surfaces VI, 413, Springer, Berlin, 1986. 

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