Benzoyl, abbreviation

The following abbreviations are commonly used for substituent groups in structural formulae Ac (acetyl), Bn or PhCH2 (benzyl), Bz or PhCO (benzoyl), Et (ethyl), Me (methyl), Me3Si (not TMS) (trimethylsilyl), Bu Me2Si (not TBDMS) (rerf-butyldimethylsilyl), Ph (phenyl), Tf (triflyl = trifluoromethanesulfonyl), Ts (tosyl = toluene-p-sulfonyl), Tr (trityl). 

The monomers used in chain polymerisations are unsaturated, sometimes referred to as vinyl monomers. In order to carry out such polymerisations a small trace of an initiator material is required. These substances readily fragment into free radicals either when heated or when irradiated with electromagnetic radiation from around or just beyond the blue end of the spectrum. The two most commonly used free radical initiators for these reactions are benzoyl peroxide and azobisisobutyronitrile (usually abbreviated to AIBN). They react as indicated in Reactions 2.1 and 2.2. 

Abbreviations ADA, adenosine deaminse BAEE, N,a-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester, BTEE, N,oc-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester BTNA, N,a-benzoyl-L-tyrosine-p-nitroanilide ZAPA, N,a-benzoylcarbonyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide. 

The following abbreviations are used in this and the subsequent tables Ac for acetyl, Pr for propionyl, Bu for butyryl, Bz for benzoyl, Ts for tosyl, My for methylene, Ed for ethylidene, Bd for benzylidene, Fd for furfurylidene. Id for isopropylidene, Me for methyl, Et for ethyl, Be for benzyl, Tr for trityl and Az for azoyl. Where the linkages of acetals and ketals are known, they are shown by different type fonts.)... 

Abbreviations. DNP 2,4-dinitrophenyl Bz benzoyl Ac acetyl For formyl FMOC 9-fluorenyl-... 

The abbreviations and symbols used in the Tables are Ac, acetyl Bz, benzoyl Ms, methylsulfonyl Ns, p-nitrophenylsulfonyl Ts, p-tolylsulfo-nyl Bzd, benzylidene Ipd, isopropylidene Et, ethyl Me, methyl Ph, phenyl -0-, anhydro d. 338, decomposes (without melting) at 338° 153 d., melts at 153° with decomposition l , compound is dimorphous, with melting points at 166° and 177° amorph., amorphous cryst., crystalline trans. 192, transition in crystal form at 192° , racemic and active, asymmetric, but [< ]d not recorded. 

Note the abbreviation for a benzyl ether, ROCHjPh, is ROBn. Contrast this with benzoyl esters, ROCOPh. which may be abbreviated ROBz. 

There are occasions when the benzene ring is named as a substituent and in these cases the name for C Hj- is phenyl, abbreviated to Ph. The name for CgH5CH2- is benzyl or Bn, whilst the benzoyl substituent is CgHjCO- or Bz. These substituents can also be named systematically as shown in Figure 1.16. 

The following abbreviations are used in the text DEAE-cellulose, diethylamino-ethyl-cellulose CM-cellulose, carboxymethyl-cellulose DFP, diisopropylphospho-fluoridate ATEE, acetyl-n-tyrosine ethyl ester BAEE, benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester Tris, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. 

Abbreviations Ac acetyl AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile All allyl Bn benzyl Bz benzoyl ClAc chloroacetyl DAST diethylaminosulfur trifluoride DBU l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-undec-7-ene DDQ 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-/)-benzoquinone DMDO dimethyldioxirane DMTST dimethyl(methylthio)sulfonium trifluoromethanesulfonate Fmoc 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl HDTC hydrazine dithiocarboxylate IDCP iodonium di-collidine perchlorate Lev levulinoyl MBz 4-methylbenzoyl Me methyl MEK methyl ethyl ketone MP 4-methoxyphenyl NBS iV-bromosuccinimide NIS A-iodosuccinimide Pent n-pentenyl Pfp pentafluorophenyl Ph phenyl Phth phthaloyl Piv pivaloyl PMB 4-methoxybenzyl TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride TBDMS tcrt-butyldimethylsilyl TBDPS tert-butyldiphenylsilyl TCA trichloroacetyl TES triethylsilyl Tf trifluoromethanesulfonyl TMS trimethylsilyl Tol 4-methylphenyl Tr trityl Troc 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl Ts tosyl. 

Abbreviations Ac, acetyl AIBN, 2,2 -azobisisobutyronitrile All, allyl Alloc, allyloxycarbonyl Bn, benzyl BOM, benzyloxymethyl BPC, p-phenylbenzoyl Bu, butyl t-Bu, tert-butyl Bz, benzoyl CAN, ammonium hexanitratocerate (IV) Cbz, bezyloxycarbonyl CDl, carbonyldiimizazole ClAc, chloroacetyl Cp, cyclopentadienyl CSA, DL-lO-camphorsulfonic acid DABCO, l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane DAST, diethylaminosulfur trifluoride dba, dibenzylideneacetone DBU, l,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene DCC, iV,iV-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide DDQ, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-l,4-benzoqui-none DEAD, diethyl azodicarboxylate DEIPS, diethylisopropylsilyl DIBAL, diisobutylaluminum hydride DMAP,... 

Initiation reactions are usually started by an active free radical such as peroxide (-0-0-), e.g. benzoyl peroxide is a good inititator for the free radical addition polymerisation of styrene to produce polystyrene AICI3 is an initiator for the cationic addition polymerisation of isobutylene to form isobutyl synthetic rubber or azobisiso-butyronitrile compounds (-N=N-) (abbreviated to AIBN). Propagation reactions are the continuing process and, eventually, lead to the termination stage that occurs by combination or disproportionation. This usually occurs when the free radicals combine with themselves and signals the end of the polymerisation process. All polymers formed by this process are thermoplastics. Table 4.1 is a list of common polymers prepared by the addition process. 

Abbreviations used n.d. not determined n.r. not recorded py pyridine Bz benzoyl TMB 3,4,5,-trimethoxybenzbyl DMB 3,4-dimethoxybenzoptical rotation [(+) or (-)) is indicated with the compound name if this is given with the CAS number. 

The following abbreviations are used in the Figures throughout this Chapter Ts = p-tolylsulfonyl, Ms = methylsulfonyl, Ac = acetyl, Bz = benzoyl. Ip = iso-propylidene, Tr = trityl. Ad = adenin-9-yl. 

Figure 6. Effect of chemical modification of turkey ovomucoid on its inhibition of bovine a-chymotrypsin (by delay time assays). Abbreviations used Chy, chy-motrypsin TO, turkey ovomucoid AcTO, acetylated turkey ovomucoid AmTO, amidinated turkey ovomucoid SucTO, succinylated turkey ovomucoid 1TO, iodinated turkey ovomucoid I AcTO, iodinated and acetylated turkey ovomucoid. To a mixture of enzyme-buffer and substrate (benzoyl tyrosine ethyl ester, plus m-nitrophenol as indicator) was added the inhibitor solution within 18-25 sec and the enzyme activities recorded on a chart at 395 mfi. The weight ratio for chymotrypsin and the turkey ovomucoids was 22 15. The percent change in transmission is proportional to the amount of enzyme activity. At the time of the additions of the inhibitor, the enzyme was hydrolyzing the substrate (28).

Alternative Names/Abbreviations Benzoyl superoxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, lucldol, oxyllte... 

Current abbreviations will be used BP for benzoyl peroxide, DTBP for di-/-butyl peroxide, AIBN for azo-bis(isobutyronitrile). In for initiation, esr for electron spin resonance, and cidnp for chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization. Furthermore, we have chosen to adopt homogeneous abbreviations for the radicals discussed. The precursor radicals will be called A, generated from AH, AX,..., and the two possible radicals resulting from intramolecular addition will be called Cy (for cyclized) followed by a number for the size of the ring. 

Abbreviations Bz = benzoyl, Fmoc = [(9-fluorenylmethyl)oxy]carbonyl, Bn = benzyl,... 

Abbreviation ACN 1,1 -azobiscyclohexane-l-carbonitrile AEN 2,2 -azobisisobutyronitrile BPO benzoyl peroxide DCPC dicyclohexyl peroxidicarbonate DEE diethyl ehter DMF dimethylformamide DTBP di-tert-butyl peroxide LPO lauroyl peroxide TBPB len-butyi perbenzoate TBPO ferr-butyl peroctoate THE tetrahydrofuran SDS sodium dodecylsulfate Aerosol OT sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate tBPP fert-butyl pervivalate. 

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