Benzene structural formula

Why is potassium aluminium sulphate not soluble in benzene A compound M has the composition C = 50.0% H=12.5%o A1 = 37.5%. 0.360 g of M reacts with an excess of water to evolve 0.336 1 of gas N and leave a white gelatinous precipitate R. R dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide and in hydrochloric acid. 20 cm of N require 40 cm of oxygen for complete combustion, carbon dioxide and water being the only products. Identify compounds N and R, suggest a structural formula for M, and write an equation for the reaction of M with water. (All gas volumes were measured at s.t.p.)... 

In the mid-nineteenth century, the empirical formula of benzene, was known but its structural formula was tiot. Two proposed structures... 

In 1861 Johann Josef Loschmidt who was later to become a professor at the University of Vienna pri vately published a book con taming a structural formula for benzene similar to the one Kekule would propose five years later Loschmidt s book reached few readers and his ideas were not well known... 

Wnte a structural formula for the most stable cyclohexadienyl cation intermediate formed in each of the following reactions Is this intermediate more or less stable than the one formed by electrophilic attack on benzene" ... 

Kekule structure (Section 112) Structural formula for an aro matic compound that satisfies the customary rules of bond mg and is usually characterized by a pattern of alternating single and double bonds There are two Kekule formula tions for benzene... 

F, A. Kekule s structural formulae for organic compotmds ring structure of benzene 1865. 

Therapeutic Function Antiinflammatory Chemical Name 3-Chloro-4-(2-propenyloxy)benzene-acetlc acid Common Name [4-(allyloxy)-3-chlorophenyl] acetic acid Structural Formula Cl... 

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. These consist of a variety of complex structures made up of aromatic rings alone, or combinations of aliphatic rings, aromatic rings, and aliphatic chains, etc. One such class of compounds is biphenyl and its derivatives, in which two benzene rings are connected by a single C — C linkage. The structural formula of biphenyl (or phenylbenzene) is... 

What does the circle represent in the structural formula of benzene ... 

A NUMBER of structural formulae have been proposed for benzene, but none of them is free from very serious objections. 

Analogies are dangerous, but one point may be emphasized, and possibly overemphasized. Is not the art of emulsion at a point similar to that where Kekule found the art of organic chemistry some 100 years ago His contribution of the benzene structure began the tremendous advances in this field with which all are familiar. It is unlikely that on the basis of present knowledge any simple formula will suffice however, any correlative efforts must be of help. 

The aromatic hydrocarbons are characterized by molecules containing six-membered rings of carbon atoms with each carbon atom attached to a maximum of one hydrogen atom. The simplest member of the series is benzene, ChH6. Using the total bond order rules discussed above, the structural formula of benzene can be written as follows ... 

Unlike the alkanes, however, the reaction of benzene with the halogens is catalyzed by iron. The relative lack of reactivity in aromatic hydrocarbons is attributed to delocalized double bonds. That is, the second pair of electrons in each of the three possible carbon-to-carbon double bonds is shared by all six carbon atoms rather than by any two specific carbon atoms. Two ways of writing structural formulas which indicate this type of bonding in the benzene molecules are as follows ... 

Write structural formulas for (a) benzene, (b) toluene (methyl benzene), and (c) chlorobenzene. 

This situation continued much too long. In 1900, Moissan published a fifteen-page memoir on ethyl fluoride in which no real formula even appears. In 1890, Berthelot was still writing water as HO but finally published a note in 1891 using the atomic notation [H20], However, he continued to write benzene as C2H2 (C2H2) (C2H2) as late as 1898 and there is not the least use of structural formulas in his discussions of isomerism in a 1901 text on hydrocarbons. 18... 

They also defined a state of metaionie in which no structural formula for the so-called tautomers corresponds to the "real" structure of the reacting molecule. The Kekule forms of benzene are examples of metaionie. 74... 

Bamberger s formula org chem A structural formula for naphthalene that shows the valencies of the benzene rings pointing toward the centers. bam.bor-garz for-myo-lo ... 

Dewar structure org chem A structural formula for benzene that contains a bond between opposite atoms. dii-or, str3k-ch3r dew point chem The temperature and pressure at which a gas begins to condense to a liquid. du, point ... 

Benzene Is now more commonly represented by the structural formula shown on the left. The molecule Is flat and has a regular hexagonal shape. The six carbon-to-carbon bonds In the ring are equal In length and equal in strength and are Intermediate between a carbon-to-carbon single bond and a carbon-to-carbon double bond. 

The benzene molecule therefore contains 12 cr bonds (shown In black) and one tt molecular orbital (shown in pink). The six electrons that occupy the tt molecular orbital are not tied to any one carbon atom, but are shared by all six carbons. They are delocalised and represented by a ring in the structural formulae. 

There are many other aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e. compounds like benzene, which contain rings of six carbon atoms stabilised by electron delocalisation. For example, if one of the hydrogen atoms in benzene is replaced by a methyl group, then a hydrocarbon called methylbenzene (or toluene) is formed. It has the structural formulae shown. Methylbenzene can be regarded as a substituted alkane. One of the hydrogen atoms in methane has been substituted by a or —group, which is known as a phenyl group. So an alternative name for methylbenzene is phenylmethane. Other examples of aromatic hydrocarbons include naphthalene and anthracene. 

Problem 11.45 Write structural formulas for the principal monosubstitution products of the indicated reactions from the following monosubstituted benzenes. For each write an S or F to show whether reaction is SLOWER or FASTER than with benzene, (o) Monobromination, C HjCF,. (b) Mononitration, CjH5COOCHj. (c) Monochlorination, C HjOCHj. (d) Monosulfonation, C HjI. (e) Mononitration, C HjC H,. (/) Monochlorination, CjHjCN. (g) Mononitration, C HjNHCOCHj. (h) Monosulfonation, CftHjCH(CH3)CH2CHj. 

From a commercial standpoint, there is a large body of hydrocarbons that is very important and hence these are of relevance to first responders to a hazardous-materials incidents. These hydrocarbons are different in that they are not straight-chain hydrocarbons but have a structural formula that can only be called cyclical. The most common and most important hydrocarbon in this group is benzene. It is the first and simplest of the six-carbon cyclical hydrocarbons referred to as aromatic hydrocarbons. 

The solution of this problem is that the double bonds are continuously changing, in the molecule, so that on the average the six C—G bonds are equivalent. The best structural formula for benzene is therefore... 

The results are summarized in Table 2. In the structural formula given in the table the curved arrows are showing the displacement of the density of the unshared pair of electrons towards the benzene rings,... 

The 30 Kekul ikc structures for this molecule are shown below. The groups of hexagons with circles in their centers represent the corresponding set of Kekul61ike structures two for benzene, three for naphthalene, and four for anthracene. The number under each structural formula is the number of KekulSlike structures corresponding to it. 

In the preceding simplified structural formula for benzene the six hydrogen atoms have been omitted. Resonance between the two possible arrangements of the three double bonds1 is indicated by the circle. Chemical shorthand of the following type is used throughout the book. Carbon atoms may be represented by an angle or the end of a line, but other atoms will always be shown. 

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