Benzene polymerized

Coal liquefaction Fischer-Tropsch synthesis Synthesis of methanol Hydrogenation of oils Alkylation of methanol and benzene Polymerization of olefins Hydrogenation of coal oils, heavy oil fractions, and unsaturated fatty acids Adsorption of S02 in an aqueous slurry of magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate S02 or removal from tail gas Wet oxidation of waste sludge Catalytic desulfurization of petroleum fractions Wastewater treatment... 

Slightly soluble in water soluble in alcohol, ether, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene. Polymerizes in light or in the presence of a catalyst.1... 

Bulk and solution (methylene chloride, benzene) polymerization with BF3 OEt2 or SnCl4 initiators at 25 °C gave after 48 hrs 70-90 % conversion to polymer with an intrisic viscosity of 0.09-0.12 dl/g (CHClj, 25 °C)9). 

The yield of polymers reaches a maximum value (close to quantitative) at an aluminum chloride to cupric chloride molar ratio of 2 1. ° Solvents, concentrations, and temperatures affect the molecular weights of the products. Other Lewis acids that are effective in benzene polymerizations are MoCb,... 

This polymer is completely aromatic in character [182]. Polymerization of benzene to polyphenylene was, therefore, investigated quite thoroughly [184,185]. Benzene [186] and other aromatic structures [184, 185] polymerize by what is believed to be a radical-cationic mechanism. In this type of polymerization, benzene polymerizes under mild conditions in the presence of certain Lewis acids combined with oxidizing agents [186-188] ... 

Thiopolyurethanes (134) with sulfur in side chain ([ ] 0.1-0.3 dL/g) prepared by solution (benzene) polymerization of the diol (129) with diisocyanates (135), HDI (135a), MDI (135b), or 2,4-TDI (2,4-tolnene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,4-diisocyanatotoluene, etc) [584-84-9] (135c), were used as the polymeric intermediates for the synthesis of these polymers. The benzyl groups were successfully removed from polymer (134a) with sodium in a mixed solvent of liquid ammonium and -propylamine [107-10-8], giving polymer (136). 

The analogous thiopolyurethanes with the side tolylmethylthiomethyl or naphthylmethylthiomethyl chains (306) were obtained from 2-(p-tolylmethylthiomethyl)-l,4-butanediol (TB) or 2-(l-naphthylmethylthiomethyl)-1,4-butanediol and HDI or Izocyn T-80 [TDI-80, the mixture of 2,4-TDI (80 wt%) and 2,6-TDI (20 wt%)] by solution (benzene) polymerization in the presence of di-n-butyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) [77-58-7] as catalyst. The polymer based on TB and HDI (ijred = 117 dL/g) was a high elasticity thermoplastic elastomer with tensile strength of 2.2 MPa and elongation at break of 780%. 

Aluminium chloride (AICI3) as the Lewis acid (catalyst) with cupric chloride (CuCb) as the oxidizing agent was the best catalyst-oxidant combination used by Kovacic et al. for the polymerization of benzene. Polymerization occurred under mild conditions (36-37°C, 15 minutes), with water as a co-catalyst, and the yield of poly-(p-phenylene) was found to depend on the aluminium chloride to cupric chloride ratio. 

In the case of these binary catalysts it was found that the Lewis acid-oxidant ratio had an important effect on benzene polymerization. With the AICI3-CUCI2 system the polymer yield increased considerably as the... 

For example, benzene polymerizes in the presence of aluminium chloride-cupric chloride under remarkably mild conditions, i.e., 35 50°C. Polymerization is thou t to be initiated by a proton (formed by reaction of traces of water and the Lewis acid) and to proceed through successive electrophilic substitution and oxidative dehydrogenation reactions ... 

This reaction takes place in liquid ammonia and in this solvent the active centres are present in the form of free ions. On the other hand, styrene initiated by butyl lithium in benzene polymerizes by addition to ion-pairs. The second type of initiation that can occur is by the transfer of an electron from an electron donor to a monomer molecule to form a radical anion. A simple example of this is the initiation of the polymerization of butadiene by sodium metal... 

During the last decades literature shows some attempts to apply clay fractions as catalysts for several reactions cracking of petroleum products formation of amino-acids and their polymerization into peptides polymerization of benzene polymerization of styrene (1-4). However, there is no information about the possibility of using soils directly as catalysts. 

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