Benzene from heterogeneous oxidation

Heterogeneous oxidative processes operate at high temperatures (250-450 6C) and are useful for the synthesis of acrolein and acrylic acid from propylene over bismuth molybdate catalysts, the synthesis of maleic and phthalic anhydrides from the oxidation of benzene (or C4 compounds) and naphthalene (or o-xylene) respectively over vanadium oxide,101 arid the synthesis of ethylene oxide from ethylene over silver catalysts.102... 

In aprotic solvents, the removal of a hydride ion from a cr-adduct requires elevated temperature. The hydride ion shows no tendency toward anionic stabilization and is difficult to remove from an sp carbon (76RCR454). Oxidants have frequently been used in low-temperature aminations in liquid ammonia (see Section II,A,4) to facilitate hydride ion elimination. However, only one instance has been reported of the use of an oxidant for aminating heterocycles under heterogeneous conditions. It was reported that reaction times were shortened and yields were improved for the amination of pyridine and 2- and 4-picolines in Tetralin or polyalky I benzenes by the addition of potassium or sodium nitrate (72MI1). 

The photodegradation of hexabromocyclododecane in aqueous solution has been obtained by Fe -oxalate and Fe -citrate complexes, in the presence of H2O2 and simulated sunlight. " Fe-g-C3N4 (Fe-CN) and titanium silicate zeolite (TS-1) hybrid materials have been produced from dicyandiamide, metal chloride as precursors and TS-1 as a support. The material has been applied as heterogeneous catalyst for the photo-catalytic selective oxidation of benzene to phenol, in the presence of H2O2 as benign oxidant under ambient conditions. Noticeably, the hybrid... 

Pt particles with the IL protects the catalyst from oxidation, which can be utilized to protect air-sensitive catalysts [35]. Further examples of heterogeneous reactions on metal immobilized in porous supports using ILs are Heck C-C coupling on Pd [36] benzene hydrogenation on nanoscale Ru-catalysts [37] selective acetylene hydrogenation on Pd-nanoparticles, for example, dissolved in [BMlM][PFg] [38] and citral hydrogenation on Pd immobilized by different ILs on an active carbon cloth [39]. 

The rates of OZ, DMPC and CHP formation are increase with [NiO]. The ozonides are obtained from the ozone interaction with C=C bonds in the benzene ring, and the ozonolysis of the hydrocarbon part takes place via a hydrogen atom abstraction mechanism. No ozonides formation on the surface and ozonation of the alkyl part dominates in homogeneous and heterogeneous part of the reaction. The ozone is activated on the NiO surface via the formation of the surface compound Ni Oj according to the scheme oxidizes the alkyl part of cumene ... 

---