Benefit-sharing policy

In its assessment report, the IUCN discussed the activities in all these 41 countries and described the decision-making processes that have led them to move, in some cases successfully, towards the development of national access and benefit-sharing policies.51 One of the countries of interest to the IUCN was the Republic of the Philippines because, in 1995, it became the first country to enact an access and benefit-sharing policy. 

One of the conclusions from the IUCN survey was that the breadth of the access and benefit-sharing policies that have been developed have impaired their effective implementation.39 There is significant controversy over the ownership status of genetic materials acquired before the CBD which may or may not be in the country of origin. Without clarification of their legal status, researchers are reluctant to study those materials. Some national access and benefit-sharing laws (e.g. those of the Philippines, Costa Rica, Peru and Samoa) have clearly defined criteria for the minimum benefits they expect to receive. Some regulations place very strict limits on the amount of material that can be accessed. 

Models of Benefit-Sharing Policy Opportunities and Challenges in Ensuring Equitable Natural Product Discovery in Africa... 

As Rosenthal et al. point out,73 several countries in the ICBG programme have used participation to explore the effectiveness of their own policies and practices for access to genetic materials and benefit-sharing. The programme has demonstrated that bioprospecting is a research process and that, while... 

K. Ten Kate and A. Wells, Benefit-Sharing Case Study. The access and benefitsharing policies of the United States National Cancer Institute a comparative account of the discovery and development of the drugs Calanolide and Topotecan. Submission to the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1998. 

Details about salary, benefits, and vacation policy must be carefully explained. In a larger company, these may be discussed in a brochure. Some companies offer profit sharing plans and retirement plans, which may be attractive to many applicants. 

The most commonly discussed and most useful modes of economic evaluation are cost-benefit and cost-effectiveness analyses. These and other approaches share some common elements, in particular their conceptualization and measurement of costs, but differ in two main respects they measure outcomes differently, and consequently they address slightly different policy or practice questions. 

This intensive co-operation has enabled the EEA to collect and distribute timely, relevant and targeted information to support environmental policy. The Eionet provides a platform from which countries have benefited from sharing advice, expertise and experience in developing national capabilities, particularly in the areas of data collection and management and in the production and dissemination of policy-relevant information (EEA 2004). 

---