Being, and becoming

Ubuntu] is a gerundive, a verbal noun denoting a partieular state of being and becoming at the same time. It thus denotes a partieular aetion already performed, an enduring action or state of be-ing and the openness to yet another action or state of be-ing. Even without the repetition of a speeifie action in the future, the basie insight denoted by Ubuntu is that of the... 

The study of the nature of elements and compounds is at the heart of much of Aristotle s philosophy of substance and matter and even his most general views of being and becoming. This was also true of many of the pre-Socratic philosophers, who were the first to discuss and theorize about the elements. About 20 centuries later, the nature of the elements was a mty or issue in the revolution of chemistry. Antoine Lavoisier seems to have been one of the first chemists to renounce the metaphysical view of the elements, which he replaced with a form of empiricism, which considered only substances that could actually be isolated as elements. Elements in this latter sense of the term are often called simple substances. ... 

Roth, W-M. (2002). Being and becoming in the classroom. Westport, CT Ablex. 

As a field matures, bottlenecks may appear in other areas, such as water treatment or gas compression processes, and become factors limiting oil or gas production. These issues can often be addressed both by surface and subsurface options, though the underlying justification remains the same the NPV of a debottlenecking exercise (net cost of action versus the increase in net revenue) must be positive. 

Hydrolysis of Ethyl Bromide. Add -a few drops of pure freshly distilled ethyl bromide to 2-3 ml. of aqueous silver nitrate solution in a test-tube and shake. Only a faint opalescence of silver bromide should be formed. -Now carefully warm the mixture in a small Bunsen flame, with gentle shaking silver bromide soon appears as a white suspension which rapidly increases in quantity and becomes a heavy precipitate. The ethyl bromide is thus moderately stable in cold water, but rapidly hydrolysed by hot water. 

Method 2. Intimately mix 99 g. of pure phthahc anhydride and 20 g. of urea, and place the mixture in a 1 litre long-necked, round-bottomed flask. Heat the flask in an oil bath at 130-135°, When the contents have melted, eflfervescence commences and graduaUy increases in vigour after 10-20 minutes, the mixture suddenly froths up to about three times the original volume (this is accompanied by a rise in temperature to 150-160°) and becomes almost sohd. Remove the flame from beneath the bath and allow to cool. Add about 80 ml. of water to disintegrate the sohd in the flask. Alter at the pump, wash with a httle water, and then dry at 100°. The yield of phthahmide, m.p. 233° (i.e., it is practically pure) is 86 g. If desired, the phthahmide may be recrystalhsed from 1200 ml. of methj lated spirit the first crop consists of 34 g. of m.p. 234°, but further quantities may be recovered from the mother hquor. 

Cl results can vary a little bit from one software program to another for open-shell molecules. This is because of the HF reference state being used. Some programs, such as Gaussian, use a UHF reference state. Other programs, such as MOLPRO and MOLCAS, use a ROHF reference state. The difference in results is generally fairly small and becomes smaller with higher-order calculations. In the limit of a full Cl, there is no difference. 

Try quasi-Newton calculations starting from structures that look like what you expect the transition structure to be and that have no symmetry. This is a skill that improves as you become more familiar with the mechanisms involved, but requires some trial-and-error work even for the most experienced researchers. 

Dramatic rate accelerations of [4 + 2]cycloadditions were observed in an inert, extremely polar solvent, namely in5 M solutions oflithium perchlorate in diethyl ether(s 532 g LiC104 per litre ). Diels-Alder additions requiring several days, 10—20 kbar of pressure, and/ or elevated temperatures in apolar solvents are achieved in high yields in some hours at ambient pressure and temperature in this solvent (P.A. Grieco, 1990). Also several other reactions, e.g, allylic rearrangements and Michael additions, can be drastically accelerated by this magic solvent. The diastereoselectivities of the reactions in apolar solvents and in LiClO EtjO are often different or even complementary and become thus steerable. 

According to one theory earth and the other planets were formed almost 5 billion years ago from the gas (the solar nebula) that trailed behind the sun as It rotated Being remote from the sun s core the matter in the nebula was cooler than that in the in tenor and therefore it contracted accumulating heavier elements and becoming the series of planets that now circle the sun... 

Steric effects may be an even more important factor m controlling the regioselec tivity of addition Boron with its attached substituents is much larger than a hydrogen atom and becomes bonded to the less crowded carbon of the double bond whereas hydrogen becomes bonded to the more crowded carbon... 

For large amounts of fillers, the maximum theoretical loading with known filler particle size distributions can be estimated. This method (8) assumes efficient packing, ie, the voids between particles are occupied by smaller particles and the voids between the smaller particles are occupied by stiH smaller particles. Thus a very wide filler psd results in a minimum void volume or maximum packing. To get from maximum packing to maximum loading, it is only necessary to express the maximum loading in terms of the minimum amount of binder that fills the interstitial voids and becomes adsorbed on the surface of the filler. 

Conserva.tlon, Because the most common conservation problem with metal objects occurs when corrosion processes form a threat to the safety of the object or disfigure its appearance to an unacceptable degree (130,131), many conservation treatments are intended to stabilize the corrosion processes and to remove aesthetically displeasing corrosion cmsts. The latter requkes a great deal of thought and discussion as to when a corrosion layer ceases to be a deskable patina and becomes unacceptable. 

Hard baked goods such as cookies and crackers have a relatively low water and high fat content. Water can be absorbed, and the product loses its desirable texture and becomes subject to Hpid rancidity. Packagiag for cookies and crackers includes polyolefin-coextmsion film pouches within paperboard carton sheUs, and polystyrene trays overwrapped with polyethylene or oriented polypropylene film. Soft cookies are packaged in high water-vapor-barrier laminations containing aluminum foil. 

Hydrogen chloride in air is an irritant, severely affecting the eye and the respiratory tract. The inflammation of the upper respiratory tract can cause edema and spasm of the larynx. The vapor in the air, normally absorbed by the upper respiratory mucous membranes, is lethal at concentrations of over 0.1% in air, when exposed for a few minutes. HCl is detectable by odor at 1—5 ppm level and becomes objectionable at 5—10 ppm. The maximum concentration that can be tolerated for an hour is about 0.01% which, even at these levels, causes severe throat irritation. The maximum allowable concentration under normal working conditions has been set at 5 ppm. 

The acceptance of optical data storage iato the mass storage market, which is as yet exclusively dominated by magnetic systems, will be fundamentally boosted if optical drives and media are subject to uniform standards and become fully compatible, and multiuser drives are offered which enable the user to employ alternatively CD-ROM and EOD disks, and maybe WORM disks as well (and CD-R disks, respectively). A prerequisite, however, will be whether rewritable optical memories will use the MOR or the PCR process. This accord especially will be hard to reach. 

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