Carbamates behavioral effects

Speaking generally, many laboratory studies have shown behavioral effects in vertebrates or invertebrates or both exposed to organochlorine, carbamate, OP, pyre-throid, and neonicotinoid insecticides. However, the critical questions are (1) to what extent have these effects been demonstrated at normal levels of exposure in the field and (2), if such effects have occurred in the field, have there been knock-on effects at the population level These issues will be returned to in Section 16.7. 

Porter W P, Jaeger J W and Carlson I H (1999). Endocrine, immune, and behavioral effects of aldicarp (carbamate), atrazine (triazine) and nitrate (fertilizer) mixtures at groundwater concentrations . Toxicology and Industrial Health, 15,133-150. 

Carlson, Ian H., James W. Jaeger, and Warren P. Porter, 1999. Endocrine, Immune, and Behavioral Effects of Aldicarb (Carbamate), Atrazine (Triazine) and Nitrate (Fertilizer) Mixtures at Groundwater Concentrations. Toxicology and Industrial Health, Volume 15, No. 1-2, Janu-ary-March 1999, p. 133-50. 

Wessling C, Keifer M, Ahlbom A, et al. Long-term behavioral effects of mild poisonings with organophosphates and n methyl carbamate pesticides among banana workers. IntJ Occup Environ Health 2002 8(1) 27 34. 

Section II reviews the acute behavioral effects of OP and carbamate (CM) pesticides in humans and animals. We describe the clas.sic behavioral signs and symptoms experienced by humans poisoned with these compound.s and illustrate way.s in which animal models have been used... 

Lotti. M. (1992). Central neurotoxicity and behavioral effects of anticholinc.stcrascs. In Clinical and Experimental Toxicology of Organopho. iphate. and Carbamates (B. Ballantyne and T. C. Marrs, Eds.), pp. 75-83. Bulterworlh-Heineniann, Oxford. 

At a more subtle level, behavioral disturbances may make it more difficult for animals to find food. Pyrethroids, carbamates, OPs, and neonicotinoids can disturb the foraging activity of bees (Thompson 2003). Interestingly, effects have been shown upon the wagtail dance of bees, and this disrupts communication between individuals as to the location of nectar-bearing plants. Also, the neonicotinoid imidacloprid has been shown to adversely affect conditioned responses such as proboscis extension of honeybees (Guez et al. 2001). Nicotinoids can disturb the functioning of cholinergic synapses, which are involved in the operation of the proboscis reflex as... 

Some organochlorine, organophosphorus, and carbamate insecticides used after World War II (since 1945) were found to have various problems of adverse effects on mammals and environmental behavior and influences. The use of many industrial chemicals has been prohibited because those contained as impurities in minute quantities produced critical toxic substances by transformation and repeated chemical reactions in their environment. 

Various studies were focusing on the conformational behavior of the cinchonan carbamate selectors in free and complexed form, which could readily be derived from the dihedral coupling constant of the Hs-Hg protons ( /hsh9) and intramolecular NOEs as measured by 2D-NOESY [92,93] or two-dimensional rotating frame Overhauser effect spectroscopy (2D-ROESY) [65] spectra. 

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