Behavior haloperidol

Ridley, R.M. Baker, H.F. and Scraggs, P.R. The time course of the behavioral effects of amphetamine and their reversal by haloperidol in a primate species. Biol Psychiatry 14 753-765, 1979. 

The administration of low doses of PCP to rodents induces hyperactivity and stereotypy (Chen et al. 1959 ). The observation that neuroleptics such as chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and pimozide, and adrenolytics such as alpha-methyl paratyrosine antagonize these behavioral effects of PCP suggests that they are mediated by facilitation of central dopaminergic neurotransmission (Murray and Horita 1979). The actions of PCP on central dopaminergic neurotransmission may be similar to amphetamine. A dose of PCP (2.5 mg/kg) in rats, which has no effects when given alone, enhances the behavioral effects of 1 and 3 mg/kg of d-amphetamine (Balster and Chait 1978). PCP, like dopamine, has also been shown to suppress plasma prolactin (Bayorh et al. 1983). However, the firm establishment of an excl usive relationship between dopamine neuro-transmission and PCP effects is difficult because of the prominent interactions of this drug with other neurotransmitter systems. 

The close resemblance between schizophrenia and PCP-induced psychosis suggests that the behavioral effects produced by PCP might be useful as a model of psychosis. On this basis, most animal studies have examined the ability of various agents to modify PCP-induced hyperactivity and stereotypy. While some studies suggest that neuroleptics such as haloperidol (Castellani and Adams 1981 Garey et al. 1980), chlorpromazine, or clozapine (Freed et al. 

Cocaine and other CNS stimulants Monitor cardiac function Lorazepam 2-4 mg IM every 30 minutes to 6 hours as needed for agitation Haloperidol 2-5 mg (or other antipsychotic agent) every 30 minutes to 6 hours as needed for psychotic behavior B2 B3... 

De Deyn PP, Rabheru K, Rasmussen A et al. (1999) A randomized trial of risperidone, placebo, and haloperidol for behavioral symptoms of dementia. Neurology 53(5) 946-955... 

Behavioral and emotional effects In animal studies, ginseng does not prolong pentobarbital-induced sleep, nor does it affect spontaneous locomotion (Mitra et al. 1996). It does potentiate amphetamine-induced locomotion, but it reduces the stereotypy and lethality caused by amphetamine. Ginseng has analgesic effects, which are discussed at greater length in chapter 8. Catalepsy induced by haloperidol is potentiated by ginseng, while the hyperthermic effect of 5-HTP is attenuated. No antiseizure effects have been observed. 

For more than 40 years, Li+ has been used to treat mania. While it is relatively inert in individuals without a mood disorder, lithium carbonate is effective in 60 to 80% of all acute manic episodes within 5 to 21 days of beginning treatment. Because of its delayed onset of action in the manic patient, Li+ is often used in conjunction with low doses of high-potency anxiolytics (e.g., lo-razepam) and antipsychotics (e.g. haloperidol) to stabilize the behavior of the patient. Over time, increased therapeutic responses to Li+ allow for a gradual reduction in the amount of anxiolytic or neuroleptic required, so that eventually Li+ is the sole agent used to maintain control of the mood disturbance. 

Tourette s syndrome, a heterogeneous behavioral disorder associated with motor and vocal tics of variable form and severity, can be effectively treated with haloperidol. Antipsychotics can also be employed to control disturbed behavior in senile dementia or Alzheimer s disease, since they decrease confusion, agitation, and hyperactivity. Most of these drugs also exhibit a strong antiemetic effect and can sometimes be used clinically for this purpose. 

Campbell, M., Small, A.M., Green, W.H., Jennings, S.J., Perry, R., Bennett, W.G., and Anderson, L. (1984) Behavioral efficacy of haloperidol and lithium carbonate. A comparison in hospitalized aggressive children with conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41 650-656. 

Campbell, M., Anderson, L.T., Meier, M., Cohen, I.L., Small, A.M., Samit, C., and Sachar, E.J. (1978) A comparison of haloperidol and behavior therapy and their interaction in autistic childten. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 17 640-655. 

Cohen, I.L., Campbell, M., Posner, D., Small, A.D., Triebel, D., and Anderson, L.T. (1980) Behavioral effects of haloperidol in young autistic children an objective analysis using a within-subjects reversal design. / Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 19 665-677. 

Tourette s syndrome is a well-studied condition, characterized by motor and phonic tics and by behavioral and psychological problems. While many neurotransmitters were implicated in the etiology of this disorder, it is now believed that the dopaminergic system and noradrenergic systems are involved. Two major clinical trials (Shapiro et ah, 1989 Sallee et al, 1997) indicated that haloperidol and pimozide reduced the severity of tics by 65%. However, these medications are associated with side effects (including possible cognitive impairment, sedation, dysphoria, and tardive dyskinesia) that may limit their effectiveness in children with MR. 

Cunningham, M.A., Pillai, V, and Blanchford-Rogers, W.J. (1968) Haloperidol in the treatment of children with severe behavior disorders. Br J Psychiatry 114 845-854. 

Several double-blind studies have demonstrated that typical agents are effective in decreasing problematic behaviors in children with DD. For example, haloperidol reduced anger, hyperactivity, and stereotypies (Campbell et al., 1979) in the dose range of 0.25-4 mg/day. Pimozide reduced problematic behaviors in children with PDD (Naruse et al., 1982). However, the possible long-term side effect of tardive dyskinesia remains a concern when using these agents. 

Naruse, H., Naghata, M., Nakane, Y., Shirahashi, K., Takesada, M., and Yamazaki, K. (1982) A multicenter double blind trial of pimozide, haloperidol and placebo in children with behavioral disorder, using a crossover design. Acta Paediatr Psychiatry 48 173— 184. 

Finally, both chlorpromazine and haloperidol are approved for (2) the treatment of severe behavioral problems in children (1 to 12 years of age) marked by... 

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