Bauer poling

Fig. S3. High quality, biaxially stretched PVDF ferroelectric film can be electrically poled to a remanent polarization of over 9 fxCcm with the Bauer cyclic poling technique. The polarization versus electric field of a typical sample is shown.

Bauer, W. S. Yilmaz, S. Wirges, W. Gerhard Multhaupt, R., Optimized poling of nonlinear optical polymers based on dipole orientation and dipole relaxation studies, J. Appl. Phys. 1994,75,7211 7219... 

Yilmaz, S., Bauer, S., and Gerhard-Multhaupt, R. (1994). Photothermal poling of nonlinear optical polymer films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 2770-2772. 

Bauer, S., 1996. Poled polymers for sensors and photonic applications. J. Appl. Phys. 80, 5531-5558. 

Three fundamental principles have been known for some time and these underlie all further analysis 1. The distribution of chromosomes is determined by kinetochore orientation—the association of a kinetochore with a particular pole by chromosomal spindle fibers. Thus the chromosome moves in anaphase to that pole, and the usual equipartition of chromosomes occurs because the partner half-bivalents comprising each bivalent are oriented to opposite poles—orientation (see Fig. 11). 2. Kinetochore orientation is established during prometaphase. Already suggested by studies of fixed material, this was conclusively documented in living cells by Dietz (1956). 3. The initial orientation established at the start of prometaphase is often inappropriate. For example, in crane fly meiosis, 10 percent of the bivalents initially shows unipolar orientation (Bauer et al., 1961), i.e., both half-bivalents are oriented to the same pole (see Fig. 11). Nondisjunction and abnormal chromosome complements would inevitably ensue if such... 

Exactly this is observed in studies on fixed cells (reviewed by John and Lewis, 1965, pp. 52ff.) and following experimental destruction of the linkage by micromanipulation of living cells (Nicklas, unpublished). A more exact prediction is possible from the postulated role of bipolar tension in reorientation unpaired meiotic chromosomes that retain the meiotic synorientation of both sister kinetochores to the same pole should be unstable and frequently reorient. If, however, they achieve amphiorientation, as do mitotic chromosomes, a stable bipolar orientation should result. Both conditions occur in nature and with the expected result (living cells with unpaired sex chromosomes, Dietz, 1956 Bauer et al., 1961 Nicklas, 1961 fixed cells, reviewed by John and Lewis, 1965). 

Jager, M., Stegeman, G. I., Brinker, W., Yilmaz, S., Bauer, S., Horsthuis, W. G. H., and Mdhlmann, G. R., Comparison of quasi-phase-matched geometries for second-harmonic generation in poled polymer channel waveguides at 1.5 /utm, Appl. Phys. Lett., 68, 1183-1185 (1996). 

NonUnearities play essential roles not only in the poling of electrets and ferroeleciric materials (hysteresis, etc.) but also in their piezoelectric and electrostrictive behavior. In addition, piezoelectricity and electrostriction also lead to nonlinearities in the dielectric response of the respective materials (for a general introduction, see Richert (2010)). Consequently, the pressure dependence and the nonlinearities of the dielectric response have been foci of attention in the area of piezoelectricity and electrostriction in inorganic (Zhang et al. 1988) and polymeric (Furukawa et al. 1987 Bauer et al. 2005) dielectrics. Nonlinear effects are also particularly important at large electric fields or deformations (see, e.g., the recent review on the deformation of soft dielectrics (Zhao and Wang 2014) and refs, therein). 

Bauer S, Bauer-Gogonea S, Ploss B, Ploss B (2005) Nonlinear dielectric response of poled amorphous polymer dipole glasses. J Non-Cryst Sol 351 2759—2763 Bauer-Gogonea S, Bauer S, Gerhard(-MuHhaupt) R (1999) Monomorphs, bimorphs, and multimorphs from polar polymer electrets. Braz J Phys 29 306-317 Broadhurst MG, Davis GT (1984) Physical basis for piezoelectricity in PVDF. Fenoelectrics 60 3-13... 

Yang GM, Bauer-Gogonea S, Sessler GM, Bauer S, Ren W, WWitges W, Gerhard(- Multhaupt) R (1994) Selective poling of nonlinear optical polymer films by means of a monoenergetic electron beam. Appl Phys Lett 64 22-24... 

Graz I, Krause M, Bauer-Gogonea S, Bauer S, Lacortr SP, Ploss B, Zirkl M, Stadlober B, Wagner S (2009) Flexible active-matrix cells with selectively poled bifunctional polymerceramic nanocomposite for pressure and temperature sensing skin. J Appl Phys 106 034503-1-034503-5... 

Joseph DB, Bauer SBV, Colodny AH et al (1989) Lower pole UPJ obstruction and incomplete duplication. J Urol 141 896-899... 

Takasc et al. (63] have found that rctiumcni polarizatkms of 0.1 Cfm can be achieved in deulcratcd PVDF, and Bauer [64] reported the same for biaxially oriented films. Bauer and co-workers have developed a standard stress gauge using PVDF and in the process have demonstrated [6S] that they can achieve a remanent polarizalioo of 0.092 0.002 C/m using a patented poling process. 

In order to produce a stable poling direction in the first place, the cyclic process that is most widely used is the Bauer process. This room-temperature method, called the corona poling method, involves applying a large electric field up to 8kV. 

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