Separators basic functions

After exiting tlie riser, tlie catalyst enters the reactor. In modern FCC operations, the reactor serves two basic functions as a disengaging space for the separation of catalyst and vapor, and as the housing for the reactor-internal cyclone. 

The basic function of the spectrometer is to separate the polychromatic beam of radiation coming from the specimen in order that the intensities of each individual characteristic line can be measured. In principle, the wide variety of instruments (WDXRF and EDXRF types) differ only in the type of source used for excitation, the number of elements which they are able to measure at one time and the speed of data collection. Detectors commonly employed in X-ray spectrometers are usually either a gas-flow proportional counter for heavier elements/soft X-rays (useful range E < 6keV 1.5-50 A), a scintillation counter for lighter elements/hard X-rays (E > 6keV 0.2-2 A) or a solid-state detector (0.5-8 A). 

By combining a-aminophenylacetic acid with d-camphorsulphonic acid Betti and Mayer in 1908 separated it into its isomers. This seems to be the first case in which the basic function of an amino acid has been requisitioned for purposes of separation in all the above cases, the acidic function, by combination with optically active bases, has been made use of... 

C-P-Q is converted to the charge separated diradical state C h-P -Q-. Then an electron is transferred from Q to the lipid-soluble 2,5-diphenylbenzoquinone Qs 133b yielding Qs. In the third step uncharged semiquinone QsH is formed when the latter accepts a proton from the external aqueous solution. The basic function of a proton shuttle is carried out when the semiquinone radical diffuses through the membrane in the fourth step. It is then oxidized to Qs + by the carotenoid radical cation... 

When one deals with the use of nitric acid in conjunction with a solid acid, one has to keep in mind that the solid may play two fundamentally different roles, which frequently are strongly connected. One of being a CATALYTIC ACID, and the other of being a STOICHIOMETRIC DESSICANT. We tried to separate these two basic functions. 

The basic functional blocks, which a mass spectrometer has to comprise, are an ionizer for the sample gas, a source for the ionization, an ion extractor, optic, and accelerator, a mass separator and ion detector mostly following a multiplier to amplify the ion current and improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR). All surfaces and components exposed to the sample gas should be inert and chemically stable, not to limit the type of chemistry to be analyzed. As these subsystems partly function in very different pressure regimes pressure shields, i.e., pressure stages have to be incorporated. 

An interesting result with respect to applications obtained with the IPN hydrogels is that these are two- phase systems (two glass transition temperatures), with the hydrophilic domains behaving essentially like the pure hydrophilic component.6,7,9 Thus, the two basic functions of these IPN hydrogels with respect to applications, namely hydrophilicity and mechanical stability, are separately taken over by the two IPN components, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains, respectively. Figure 1 shows TSDC and DMA results for the water content dependence of the a relaxation (dynamic glass transition) of PHEA in sequential IPNS prepared from PHEA and poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) as the hydrophobic component.9 In these IPNs a porous PEMA network was prepared first, and PHEA was then polymerized in the pores. In addition to the... 

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