Formulation, basalt

The basalt formulation employs Columbia River-type basalt as a source of silica. Extensive deposits of this basalt underlie the Hanford Reservation so that it is readily available as a raw material for large-scale glass-making. The chemical composition of typical Columbia River basalt is shown in Table VI physical properties of this type of basalt have been determined by Krupka (8) and Leibowitz, Williams, and Chasanov (9). We also note that incorporation of radioactive waste material into melted basalt was studied briefly earlier in Czechoslovakia by Saidl and Ralkova (10). 

Batch tests, described in detail in Ref. 11, of the basalt formulation with both simulated and actual salt cake show that satisfactorily immobile... 

I mentioned that new computer codes - RAFSCATT 1 and RAF-SCATT 2 have been very recently formulated by Dr. Gary Jacobs and Mr. William Anderson of Rockwell Hanford s Basalt Waste Isolation Project. These codes relate required engineered barrier (i.e., waste packages and seals performance to draft NRC and EPA criteria). A key part of these codes is that they partition... 

Figure 4-20 Falling velocity of a mantle xenolith (density 3200 kg/ m ) in a basaltic melt (density 2700km/m ) for viscosity of IPa-s and 100 Pa s. The calculation does not continue to greater sizes because the applicability of the formulation is limited to Re <3 X 10 . At small radius, the velocity is proportional to the square of the radius (Stokes law). For larger radius, the velocity does not increase so rapidly with radius, and roughly increases with square root of radius.

Dale and Henderson (1972) investigated trace element distribution in phenocrysts (olivine, pyroxene) and basalt matrix, with much consideration of crystal field effects. Banno and Matsui (1973) published a new formulation of partition coefficients for trace element distribution between minerals and magmas, based on the concept of chemical potentials for liquids and crystals. 

Leeman and Lmdstrom (1978) formulated a complex partition coefficient that included the composition effect They showed that Ni partitioning between olivine and basalt is temperature-dependent and concluded that, in this case, composition is less important than temperature in determining the partition coefficient. 

Substances that have been used in this context include glass fiber (occasionally glass beads), carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, carbon black, graphite, fuUerenes, graphite chemically modified clays and montmorillonites, silica, and mineral alumina. Other additions have been included in polymer formulations, including calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, and various miscellaneous agents, such as aluminum metal, oak husks, cocoa shells, basalt fiber, silicone, rubbery elastomers, and polyamide powders. The effects of such additions of polymer properties are discussed next. 

---