Bar iron

Stangen-blei, n. bar lead, -eiaen, n. bar iron, rod iron, -gold, n, ingot gold, -kali, n. potash in sticks, stick potash, -kitt, m. stick cement, -kupfer, n, bar copper, rod copper, -lack, m. stick-lac. -schwefel, m. roll sulfur, stick sulfur, cane brimstone, -seife, /. bar soap, -silber, n, ingot silver, -spat, m, columnar barite, -stahl, m. bar steel rod steel, -stein, m. pycnite (columnar topaz), -tabak, m. roll tobacco, -wachs, n. stick wax, stick polish, -zinn, n, bar tin. 

Nils Gabriel Sefstrom (1787-1845) unambiguously proved its existence in Swedish bar iron. 

On the Continent, the process of refining is conducted without the use of a cupel, properly so called. No bone-ash is employed. The test, if it may be turned so, Is the bed of the furnace itself, which consists of a kind of marl, firmly beaten down into a circular cavity, sloping from the sides to the centre, and allowed to dry. The roof of the furnace, which consists of a flat dome of bricks, built in a strong circular hoop of bar-iron, is movable by means of a crane. Several tons of lead are introduced at once, and after the roof has been replaced, the blast is transmitted through one or more apertures in one side of the furnace the whole mass of motal is then worked off continuously, without any addition, till the lead is ontirely removed, and the alloy of gold and silver is left fine. 

Nearly simultaneous wl th the earliest improvements in the manufacture of east-iron by ptea B of pit-coal,1 were, others of, an equally important kind, for converting the cast-iron, into malleable or bar-iron. Hitherto this had been effected. by means. of wopd charooal in what are, termed refiners, aq ft. stiff practised In the, South of. France but owing to the scarcity, of wood foal in. this country, the, charcoal was mixed up with coke, for the refining operation the iron produced from. this was hard and of an inferior quality, and much time was required for the conversion of a ton of cast into malle-... 

The ecoriie siirrod into the molted. metal, says Berzelius, consist of oxide of iron vitrified with silica and other earthy substances, al] of which contain oxygen, and thiB, reacting on the carben of the east-iron, separates it in the state of inflammable gas—carbonic oxide, The best qualify of Swedish bar-iron was found by the above-mentioned illustrious ehemiettb contain half a per cent, of carben and one-tenth of a per cent, of siljcium,... 

The title of the Swedish version of Sefstrom s new discovery actually reads Om Vanadium, en ny metall, funnen uti stdngjem, som dr tillverkadt of malm ifrdn Taberget i Smdland (On Vanadium, a new metal, found in bar iron which is manufactured from ore of the Taberg in Smaland).[ l The German pendant is entitled Ueber das Vanadin... (On Vanadin...). 

Steel is Fe combined with a quantity of C lesfl than that existing in casL end greater than that in 1 iron. It is prepared by cementation which consists in causing bar iron to combine with C or by the Bessemer method which, as now used, consists in burning the C out of molten cast iron, to which the proper proportion of C is then added in the shape of Spiegel an ii on ri iu Mn and C. 

Wrought, or bar iron, is a fibrous, tough metal, freed in jiart from the impurities of cast iron, by refining and puddling. 

Ammonia synthesis several adiabatically operated catalyst layers with interstage cooling, 400-500°C, 200-300 bar, iron oxide catalyst. 

In addition to the studies cited above, there has been limited work on the partitioning of actinides between immiscible liquids. Dickinson and Jones [28] rqiorted a lunar basaltic liquid/granitic liquid partition coefficient for Th of 7 (1060 C, 1 bar, iron capsule). Jones et al. [71] reported carbonate liquid/silicate liquid partition coefficients for Pb, Ra, Pa, Th and U of 0.61, 0.15, 0.28 and 0.35, respectively (1250 C, 10 kbar, graphite capsule). 

Manufacture of bar iron with low or medium-high carbon content... 

Different hearth methods - German, Walloon, Franche-Comte and Lancashire -were used, all in accordance with the above principle, but with differences in the practical performance. The main product, bar iron or similar, was processed to scythes, horseshoes, plows, chains, gratings, nails, wire, swords and so on in spedahzed workshops [8.10]. 

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