Banned amines

There have been concerns, within the coloration industry, regarding the actual analytical test procedures, since false positives (a result indicating a banned amine is present when the original colorant was not based on any banned amines) have been obtained with some colorants under the rather harsh sample treatment and extraction processes employed. The cunent official methods published do not use such harsh conditions. Perhaps the real winners in all of this are the contract analytical labs who do all the testing (and possibly the consumers to some extent) Further details about the analysis of these species are contained in Section 10.6 on separation science. 

Note, the German ban only restricts the use of about 5% of azo dyes (the rest are not based on listed/banned amines). 

Carcinogenic aromatic amines (related to azo dyes, 22-24 banned amines depends on the brand s preference)... 

While the Mori-Ban indole synthesis is catalyzed by a Pd(0) species, the Hegedus indole synthesis is catalyzed by a Pd(II) complex. In addition, the Mori-Ban indole synthesis is accomplished via a Pd-catalyzed vinylation (a Heck recation), whereas the Hegedus indole synthesis established the pyrrole ring via a Pd(II)-catalyzed amination (a Wacker-type process). Hegedus conducted the Pd-induced amination of alkenes [430] to an intramolecular version leading to indoles from o-allylanilines and o-vinylanilines [291-293, 295, 250, 251]. Three of the original examples from the work of Hegedus are shown below. 

Several amino compounds are being used extensively in industrial processes. Most of these compounds are manufactured, except hydrazine. Azo dyes are produced by diazotization of aromatic amines and currently there are at least 3000 azo dyes in use. These dyes are used widely in textiles, leather, printing, paper making, drug and food industries. In the past three decades many food, drug and cosmetic colours have been banned from commercial use as food colourants. This section gives a brief account of adverse affects caused by the use of various amino compounds. 

It is a sympathomimetic amine, the mechanism of action is related to brain levels (or turnover rates) of serotonin or to increase glucose utilization. Its antiappetite effect is suppressed by serotonin blocking drugs. Its use in clinical practice is recently banned in India because of severe toxicity. 

The presence and amount of the carcinogenic amines are to be tested according to an official German test method [44], The test result leads to banning of the article if the trace amount of a listed amine exceeds 30 ppm. 

However, questions have been raised about the possible effects of these additives on human health. Nitrites, for example, appear to decrease the ability of a young child s blood to carry oxygen. In addition, nitrites combine with organic compounds known as amines to form a family of toxic compounds known as the nitrosoamines. These hazards have prompted some scientists and nonscientists alike to call for the ban of nitrates and nitrites as food additives. 

Spandex stretch fiber, based on polyurethanes, was developed by DuPont and appeared in 1962. From this time, polyurethanes would account for the greater part of demand for anilines. Aniline production alone had more than doubled, to over 100 million lbs. per year, between 1939 and 1957, in part to satisfy demand in products other than dyes. Half the US output was consumed in the production of rubber additives, mainly diphenylamine and cyclohexylamine, the latter used as a chain stopper in manufacture of polyurethanes (also as a boiler water additive and, in the US until banned in 1970, in the manufacture of cyclamate sweeteners). Other polymers, such as epoxy resins, relied on the bulk availability of various aromatic amines (Chapter 14). 

---