Balloon flights

To provide the necessary data on NO, the entire SFR laser - OA absorption system was enclosed in a capsule and flown to an altitude of 28 kM for real time in situ measurements." Figures 7(a) and (b) show the OA spectrum of ambient air (at 28 kM) analyzed before sunrise and at local noon. The lack of NO before sunrise and large concentration of NO at room is clearly seen. Figure 8 shows a summary of all the data compiled on two such balloon flights. We see that the measurements provide 1) absolute concentration of NO and 2) its diurnal variation. Many of the details of the model proposed above are confirmed (see Ref. 11 for details). 

In 1783, Jacques Alexander Chales, a French Scientist, launched the first hydrogen balloon flight. Known as Charliere the unmanned balloon flew to an altitude of 3 km. Three months later. 

In addition to exploring the chemical identity of gases and the nature of chemical reactions, Joseph Gay-Lussac was one of the first balloonists. In one of his balloon flights to test hypotheses on the composition of air and the extent of Earths magnetic field, Gay-Lussac reached an altitude of7000 meters (23,000 feet). This record remained unbroken for the next 50 years. 

In 1783, Jacques Charles was the first to fly in a balloon filled with hydrogen gas—two weeks earlier the Montgolfier brothers were responsible for the first balloon flight using hot air. One of Charles s first flights over the French countryside lasted about 45 minutes and took him 15 miles to a small village where the people were so terrified they tore the balloon into shreds. 

A unique DS with two Celgard tubular membranes was used by Sigg (92) to collect two independent liquid effluents for the simultaneous measurement of organic peroxides and hydrogen peroxide Sigg used a differential analytical scheme similar to that reported in reference 90. Such devices have been used successfully in a number of balloon flights (92). 

Charles and Gay-Lussac were both inspired by the problems associated with the then new technology of balloon flight, and they independently carried out a number of experiments with the hope of improving the performance of their balloons. They found that, provided the pressure is kept constant, the volume of a gas increases as its temperature is raised. When they plotted the volume against the temperature, they obtained a straight-line graph (Fig. 4.11). They could therefore conclude that, for a fixed amount of gas under constant pressure, the volume varies linearly with the temperature. This relation is called Charles s law. 

Fig. 6 shows a typical result of single balloon flight of the MPAE cryogenic sampler carried out on 23 June 1987 in southern France (44°N). Vertical profiles of 14 halocarbons are displayed resulting from analyses of 15 whole air samples collected during... 

Figure 7. Average vertical profiles of CFC-11 obtained by averaging single profiles measured between 1977-1979,198-83, and 1988-91, respectively. The balloon flights were carried out by both MPAE and KFA at...

Such search for experiments coincided with studies of the heavy element abundances in the cosmic radiation, carried out by exposure of particle track detectors - nuclear emulsions or plastic sheets - in balloon flights to high altitudes and analysis of the recorded tracks for atomic number and abundance. A survey [33] of all data obtained until 1970 showed one single... 

Upper Troposphere Over Alamogordo, NM (Balloon Flight) 0.8-1.2 (20)... 

In the century following Boyle s findings, scientists continued to study the properties of gases. One of these scientists was a French physicist, Jacques Charles (1746-1823), who was the first person to fill a balloon with hydrogen gas and who made the first solo balloon flight. Charles found in 1787 that the volume of a gas at constant pressure increases linearly with the... 

Johnson et al. (2001) employed the Smithsonian astrophysical far-infrared spectrometer on seven balloon flights to measure stratospheric ozone isotopic compositions. There are two important aspects to these observations. First, they confirm and are consistent with the mass spectrometric and laboratory observations. Second,... 

The Smithsonian instrument (FIRS-2) is a remote sensing Fourier transform spectrometer that detects molecular thermal emission in the atmosphere. Johnson et al. (2001) report data taken from seven balloon flights from 1980 to 1997. The last flight is from 68° N the others were between 30° N and 35° N. An important feature of the spectrometer is its ability to resolve spectra at 0.004 cm which allows for resolution of... 

More recent measurements have been reported by Lammerzahl et al. (2002). This work reports simultaneous CO2 and O3 isotope ratios from eight balloon flights from Kimna, Sweden and Aire-sur-TAdour, France. There is a correlation observed between and 5 0 of stratospheric CO2. The observed ratio is 1.71 0.03,... 

NBS curve is mean of June and July measurements obtained in 18 unmanned balloon flights using phototube and filter ozone meters. NGS measurements obtained with spectrograph in manned balloon. Regener measurements obtained with spectrograph in unmanned balloons... 

Figure 4-18. Observed scattered radiance at 46.3 km for viewing elevation angles at 14.6° and —3.1° along with SUSIM measurements of the solar irradiance above the atmosphere by the Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM van Hoosier et at, 1988). The solar zenith angle at the time of the scattered radiance measurements during a 1983 balloon flight over Palestine, Texas, is 28°. From Minschwaner et al. (1995).

Jacques-Alexandre-Cesar Charles was a mathematician and physicist remembered for his pioneering work with gases and hydrogen balloon flights. Charles was born on November 12, 1746, in Beaugency, Loiret, France his first occupation was as a clerk at the Ministry of Finance in Paris. However, his interests eventually turned to science. 

Early Balloon Flight in Europe and Jacques Charles. Available from the Lighter-than-Air Essays at . 

In the nineteenth century, scientist Joseph Gay-Lussac used hot air balloon flights for research and experimentation, while scientist Jacques Charles experimented with hydrogen balloons. 

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