Bacterial S-layers

Archaea comprise one of the three-domains that separate all forms of life the other two are bacteria and eukarytoa. 

Bacterial S-layers are very useful surfaces for artificial bionanotechnological applications. For example their use of as superstructures for artificial arrays where their underlying, crystalline order on the nanoscale allows facile formation of nanoscale components that can adhere to proteins. The 

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FIG. 14 Schematic illustration of an archaeal cell envelope structure (a) composed of the cytoplasmic membrane with associated and integral membrane proteins and an S-layer lattice, integrated into the cytoplasmic membrane, (b) Using this supramolecular construction principle, biomimetic membranes can be generated. The cytoplasmic membrane is replaced by a phospholipid or tetraether hpid monolayer, and bacterial S-layer proteins are crystallized to form a coherent lattice on the lipid film. Subsequently, integral model membrane proteins can be reconstituted in the composite S-layer-supported lipid membrane. (Modified from Ref. 124.)... 

Self-assembling systems made of proteins provide many biological systems with essential structural elements, including viral envelopes, bacterial S-layers, microtubules, collagens, and keratins (see Ref. 6 for a review). Detailed studies on in vitro self-assembly optimization were carried out for several systems as a part of an ongoing effort to elucidate the in vivo mechanism. Data reported from such studies may provide an optional basis for the design and in vitro fabrication of nanostructures made of natural proteins (Fig. 1). 

Reconstruction of bacterial S-layers has been extensively investigated by Sleytr et al. (see Chapter 9 and Refs. 7-9) and will not be discussed here. 

Phoenix, V.R., Renaut, R.W., Jones, B. and Ferris, F.G. (2005) Bacterial S-layer preservation and rare arsenic-antimony-sulphide bioimmobilization in siliceous sediments from Champagne pool hot spring, Waiotapu, New Zealand. Journal of the Geological Society, 162(2), 323-31. 

Pum, D. and Sleytr, U.B. 1999. The application of bacterial S-layers in molecular nanotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 17 8-12. 

Sleytr UB, Beveridge TJ (1999) Bacterial S-layers. Trends Microbiol 253-260... 

Study of nanoscale biological systems and phenomena, the use of biological components in nanotechnological applications and the synthesis or construction of nanometre scale mimics of biological entities. Examples include the use of DNA for molecular computing, or as a nanoscale structural scaffold, and the temptation of nanostructures using bacterial S-layers (Section 14.6.2). With these ideas in mind we turn first to templated morphosynthesis the chemical synthesis of nanoscale morphologies that often mimic complex structures found in the Natural world. 

Weygand M, Wetzer B, Pum D, Sleytr UB, Cuvilher N, Kjaer K, Howes PB, Losche M (1999) Bacterial S-layer protein coupling to Lipids X-ray reflectivity and grazing-incidence diffraction studies. 

Beveridge, TJ., 1994. Bacterial S-layers. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 4, 204—212. 

Boot, H.J., Pouwels, P.H., 19%. Expression, secretion and antigenic variation of bacterial S-layer proteins. Mol. Microbiol. 21, 1117—1123. 

Sleytr, U.B., Sara, M., 1997. Bacterial S-layer proteins structure-function relationship and their biotechnological appUcations. Trends Biotechnol. 15, 20—26. 

Toca-Herrera, J.L., Moreno-Floies, S., Friedmann, J., Pum, D., Sleytr, U.B., 2005. Chemical and thermal denaturation of crystalline bacterial S-layer proteins an atomic force microscopy study. Microsc. Res. Tech. 65, 226—234. 

Nanowires in the microchip industry and as nanowaveguides for electromagnetic radiation, for solvent evaporation of hydrophobic nanoparticle molecular crosslinking in colloidal aggregates and templates [45-47], and in assemblies using biomacromolecules [48] such as DNA [49] and bacterial S-layer proteins [50]... 

Material templating, assembly, and crystallization can be achieved using organized biomolecular systems such as protein cages [23-26], lipid assemblies [27], bacterial S-layers [28], and DNA [29,30]. This research field has attracted growing attention, and several reports and review articles have been published in this regard [31,32]. 

Shenton W, et al. Synthesis of cadmium sulphide superlattices using self-assembled bacterial S-layers. Nature 1997 389 585-7. 

Nirschl, M., Blither, A., Erler, C., Katzschner, B., Vikholm-Lundin, L, Auer, S., Voros, J., Pompe, W., Schreiter, M., Mertig, M., 2009. Film bulk acoustic resonators for DNA and protein detection and investigation of in vitro bacterial S-layer formation. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 156, 180—184. 

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