Bacteria, viii

Growth factors for bacteria VIII. Pantothenic and nicotinic acids as essential growth factors for lactic and propionic acid bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 38, 293 (1939). 

Still more confusion plagued early researches, when it was not realized that the biosynthetic routes to thiamine in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are quite different, a fact not expected at the outset. Thus, evidence collected from the study of yeast could not be transposed to bacteria, and vice-versa. For instance, formate is a most efficient precursor of one of the carbon atoms of the pyrimidine part of thiamine (pyramine), both in yeasts and enterobacteria, but incorporates at C-2 in bacteria and at C-4 in yeast. However, as is briefly covered in Section VIII, this dichotomy of pathways might have a deep significance in the perspective of biochemical evolution during primitive life on Earth. 

Endotoxin. Endotoxin is the lipopolysaccharide that comprises a major portion of the cell wall of the gram-negative bacteria. The endotoxins from each species of bacteria are different but the lipid A moiety is similar for the Enterobacterlaceae, and has a similar series of biological actions regardless of its source. The lipid A material is different in some of the gram-negative rods present in cotton (i.e. in the Pseudomonas species). This variety of compounds makes quantitation of endotoxin difficult. Hence, it is usually measured by its biological activity as compared to a standard endotoxin (usually that of E. coll). (See Table VIII.)... 

Conversion of 4-aminopyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine (VIII) to its ribonucleotide by mouse tumours and host tissues has been observed [118,119]. Although no evidence of the anabolism of A -methyladenine (111) [120] to the ribonucleotide was obtained in mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma [121, 122], it is anabolized by bacteria [123. 124] and the enzyme responsible was partially purified from Salmonella typhimurium [125]. Human epidermoid carcinoma No. 2 cells resistant to 2-fluoroadenine (H.Ep.-2/FA) have lost adenine phosphoribosyl-... 

K2 Menaquinone Synthesis by gram positieve intestinal bacteria (menaquinone) because the intestinal flora has not yet been fuUy developed (see Chapter 41, Section VIII)... 

The molecular weight of the enzyme has remained remarkably constant from the bacteria to the higher mammals (Table VIII). The molecular weight from all species averages 36,500, and the deviations from this value fall within the experimental range of the methods used, in this case sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge or electrophoresis of the SDS-enzyme-complexes on polyacrylamide gel. 

Table VIII), bacteria of the strain C were designated as virulent and those of strain A as avirulent.

The potentiating effect of iron on bacterial virulence has been determined in mice injected intraperitoneally with strain A or strain C of E. coli. The infection dose of 5 X 108 bacilli was suspended in 1 ml saline containing 0.0 or 0.1 mg iron. Results showed that bacteria of strain C are four times more effective in killing mice than bacteria of strain A (Table VIII). Mice injected with the same number of heat-killed cells of either strain demonstrated no toxic reaction and remained alive. The addition of iron to the infection dose of strain A increased the... 

VIII. Tracer Experiments on Fatty Acid Oxidation by Methane Bacteria, /. Bacteriol, (1951) 61, 67-80. 

Baas Becking, L.G.M., Ferguson Wood, E.J. and Kaplan, I.R., 1956. Biological processes in the estuarine environment, VIII. Iron bacteria as gradient organisms. K. N. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam. Afd. Natuurk., Proc. Ser. C Biol. Med. Sci., 59 398—407. 

VIII. Interactions between Bacteria and Other Wine Microorganisms... 

VIII. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BACTERIA AND OTHER WINE MICROORGANISMS... 

AU ehgible chemicals under REACH require the conductance of a bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test (Annex Vll, 8.4.1) (EC 2006). For compounds >10t/a, an additional mammalian in vitro cytogenetic test is required (Aimex VIII, 8.4.2) (EC 2006). For the latter, both the chromosome aberration test and the micronucleus test in vitro are considered acceptable. In the case of a negative result in the mammalian in vitro cytogenetic test and in the in vitro gene mutation test in bacteria, data from an in vitro gene mutation study in mammahan ceUs are required (Annex... 

Woese C.R., Wolfe R.S. (eds) (1985) The Bacteria. Vol. VIII, Archaebacteria. NewYork Academic Press. 

Table VIII. Enumeration of Bacteria in Aquifer Sediments by Pour Plate Counts on Groundwater-Yeast Extract Agar...

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