Bacteria plants, effects

Toxicity involves the effect of various materials on living objects including bacteria, plants, mice, fish, and humans. Tests to determine the toxicity of materials are typically done in a number of ways including inhalation, simple skin contact, and subcutaneous injection. 

Natural gas has its origins in decayed living matter, most likely as the result of the action of bacteria upon dead animal and plant material. In order for most bacteria to effectively break down organic matter to hydrocarbons, there must be low levels of oxygen present. This would mean that the decaying matter was buried (most likely under water) before it could be completely de-... 

Vitamins are vital (= vita) and mainly nitrogenous (= amines) substances of low-molecular weight. As a rule, they must be present in the diet as essential components. Only a few vitamins (e.g. A, K, Bi, B5, B12, folic acid, biotin) are formed in the intestine by bacteria. Plants constitute the main source of exogenous vitamin supply. In a biochemical context, the principal bio-catalytic effect of vitamins consists in substituting cofactors of enzymes which have undergone metabolic degradation. 

Bacilio-Jimenez, M., Aguilar-Flores, S., Ventura-Zapata, E., Peres-Campos, E., Bouquelet, S., and Zeteno, E. (2003). Chemical characterization of root exudates from rice (Oryza sativa ) and their effects on the chemotactic response of endophytic bacteria. Plant Soil 249, 271-277. 

In this chapter, examples will be provided of the importance of genetically determined factors relating to the tolerance and sensitivity to toxic metals in bacteria, plants, mammals, and man. Similar effects have also been described, for example, in fishes, insects, nematodes, terrestrial gastropods, crustaceans, and shrimps (Olsson et al. 1997, Forbes 1999). 

In contrast, hexavalent chromium species, predominantly chromate at physiological pH, behave very differently and are toxic for bacteria, plants, and animals. Primary effects are related to the oxidative nature of Cr(VI), which manifests itself in irritation of the skin and the mucous membranes and allergic effects on lung and bronchia. Cr(VI) that survives reduction by body fluids is rapidly taken up by the... 

Proline ProKne is present in most proteins in amounts of 4-7% the average content is 4.6%. Its content in the component of wheat gluten, gliadin, is about 10%, and about 12% of proline contains casein. Proline content in gelatine can be up to 13%. In bacteria, plants and animals it also plays a role as an osmoprotectant that helps stabilise proteins and ceU membranes from the damaging effect of high osmotic pressure. 

It may also be possible to stimulate bioreductions in soils, such as Cr(VI) to Cr(III), more effectively by growing plants than by adding bacteria or nutrients to stimulate the microbial process. 

Soil Nutrient. Molybdenum has been widely used to increase crop productivity in many soils woddwide (see Fertilizers). It is the heaviest element needed for plant productivity and stimulates both nitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction (51,52). The effects are particularly significant in leguminous crops, where symbiotic bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation provide the principal nitrogen input to the plant. Molybdenum deficiency is usually more prominent in acidic soils, where Mo(VI) is less soluble and more easily reduced to insoluble, and hence unavailable, forms. Above pH 7, the soluble anionic, and hence available, molybdate ion is the principal species. 

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