Bacteria peptides

L-alanine. [Metallocarboxypeptidase from soil bacteria. Peptide can be replaced by a variety of pteroyl or acyl groups. Formerly EC 3.4.12.11.]... 

Staining Applications Nucleic acids oligonucleotides bacteria peptides tumors ... 

Imaging/Labeling Applications Actin amino acids antibodies bacteria peptide chloromethyl ketones herbicides , histamine H1/H2 receptor antagonists " lymphocytes metal ions (Fe(III) Pt(IV) ) nanoparticles " nucleic acids/ nucleotides pheomelanin polystyrene latex particles proteins/peptides " risedronate ... 

Imaging/Labeling Applications Amantadine aminoglycosides anti-digoxin baclofen bacteria peptide chloromethyl ketones gabapentin herbicides histamine H1/H2 receptor antagonists 4 5 memantine metal ions (Fe(III)) nanoparticles nucleic acids/ nucleotides " phosphatidylethanolamine " proteins/ peptides " risedronate amino functionalized rhodamine spirolactams ... 

Folic acid and its derivatives (mostly the tri-and heptaglutamyl peptides) are widespread in nature. It is a specific growth ctor for certain micro-organisms, but in animals the intestinal bacteria provide the small quantities needed for growth. The coenzyme forms are actually... 

Human insulin was the first animal protein to be made in bacteria in a sequence identical to the human pancreatic peptide. Expression of separate insulin A and B chains were achieved in Echerichia coli K-12 using genes for the insulin A and B chains synthesized and cloned in frame with the... 

Antituberculin Agents. Rifampin [13292-46-17, a semisynthetic derivative of rifamycin SV, is a most valuable dmg for treatment of tuberculosis, an infection caused by mycobacteria, leprosy, and an expanding range of other infections (23). Cycloserine [64-41-7] has been used to a limited extent for treatment of tuberculosis as a reserve dmg. Although cycloserine inhibits bacteria by interfering with their cell wall biosynthesis, it has toxic side effects in humans in the form of neurotoxicity. Capreomycin [11003-38-6] and to a much lesser extent viomycin [32988-50-4] both of which are peptides, have also been used for treatment of this disease. 

Activity against gram-positive bacteria = P gram-negative bacteria = N mycobacteria = M fungi = F tumors = T and viruses = V. Only peptides not discussed in the text of this article are given references. 

Bacitracin. Bacitracin, a cycHc peptide active against gram-positive bacteria, was discovered in 1943. Bacitracin received dmg certification in 1949 (60—62). Whereas human usage of bacitracin is almost exclusively topical, the vast majority of bacitracin manufactured worldwide is used as an animal feed additive. Reviews of work on bacitracin include its chemistry (63—67), comprehensive aspects (62), medical aspects (62,68), biosynthesis on large enzyme complexes and genetics (69—71), and production (71,72). 

Cell wall Peptidoglycan a rigid framework of polysaccharide cross-linked by short peptide chains. Some bacteria possess a lipopolysaccharide- and protein-rich outer membrane. Mechanical support, shape, and protection against swelling in hypotonic media. The cell wall is a porous nonselective barrier that allows most small molecules to pass. 

Penicillin has an interesting mode of action it prevents the cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan, the main cell wall polymer of bacteria. Pre-existing cells are unaffected, but all newly produced cells are abnormally grown. The newborn cells are unable to maintain their wall rigidity, and they are susceptible to osmotic lysis. 

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