Bacteria mitochondria and

A well-known example of active transport is the sodium-potassium pump that maintains the imbalance of Na and ions across cytoplasmic membranes. Flere, the movement of ions is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate by the ATPase enzyme, liberating three Na+ out of the cell and pumping in two K [21-23]. Bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have a similar ion-driven uptake mechanism, but it works in reverse. Instead of ATP hydrolysis driving ion transport, H gradients across the membranes generate the synthesis of ATP from ADP and phosphate [24-27]. 

Volume 125. Biomembranes (Part M Transport in Bacteria, Mitochondria, and Chloroplasts General Approaches and Transport Systems)... 

An H+ electrochemical gradient (ApH+) provides the energy required for active transport of all classical neurotransmitters into synaptic vesicles. The Mg2+-dependent vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) that produces this gradient resides on internal membranes of the secretory pathway, in particular endosomes and lysosomes (vacuole in yeast) as well as secretory vesicles (Figure 3). In terms of both structure and function, this pump resembles the F-type ATPases of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts, and differs from the P-type ATPases expressed at the plasma membrane of mammalian cells (e.g., the Na+/K+-, gastric H+/K+-and muscle Ca2+-ATPases) (Forgac, 1989 Nelson, 1992). The vacuolar and F0F1... 

A FIGURE 8-2 Membrane orientation and the direction of proton movement during chemiosmotically coupled ATP synthesis in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The... 

The chaperonins are defined as a group of sequence-related molecular chaperones found in all bacteria, mitochondria and plastids (4). Table 2 lists some of the properties of the chaperonins. They are all abundant constitutive proteins that increase in amount after heat shock. In the case of E.coli and S.cerevisiae they are essential for cell viability at all temperatures. The bacterial chaperonins are major immunogens in human bacterial diseases because of their accumulation during the stress of infection. 

In his chemiosmotic theory [52,53] Mitchell proposes that energy derived from respiratory activity, or from substrate level oxidation ( anaerobic metabolism) produces an electrochemical potential ( protonmotive force ) across the cell membrane of bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The total protonmotive force is made up from two components an electrical potential gradient and a chemical gradient of protons (i.e. a pH gradient) across the membrane. The protonmotive force provides the energy for the active transport of sugars and amino... 

ATP synthase Membrane protein in bacteria, mitochondria, and plasmids that uses protons to make ATP for energy also called Complex V. 

Fq-Fj ATP-synthase of bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts, as discussed by the following arguments. 

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