Back, Ernst

Theory The initial understanding of the refraction of light dates back to Maxwell s study of electromagnetic radiation. Ernst Abbe invented the first commercial refractometer in 1889 and many refractometers still use essentially the same design. 

Ernst et al. (2001b) 11 Smokers 11 former smokers >5o-PET/2-back Two pieces of 2-mg nic gum vs. placebo gum 1 ACC and PEC activation in smokers... 

Freund, H.J., Rupprechter, G., Baeumer, M., Risse, T., Ernst, N. and Libuda, J. (2003) From real world catalysis to surface science and back can nanosdence help to bridge the gap NATO Sci. Ser., II Math., Phys. Chem., 116, 65. 

The picture emerges in full upon discovery of another member of the BCI board of directors Ernst Israel Japhet. Japhet brings us straight back to the London banking circuit that runs Dope, Incorporated. 

Chapter 1 is concerned with the fundamental principles of image formation by a lens. These principles were first formulated by Ernst Abbe in 1873 and are basic to the chapters that follow. According to the Abbe theory, the image of an illuminated object is the result of a twofold diffraction process. First, the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern of the object is formed in the back focal plane of the lens. Second, the light waves travel... 

NY Pharmaceutical Products Press, 2001). As part of the centennial anniversary of the Civil War, the American Institute of the History of Pharmacy featured a symposium titled Pharmacy Looks Back at the Civil War Years. Participants included George Winston Smith, Ernst Steib, J. Hampton Hoch, and Norman Franke, and three of the four papers were published in the Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 1(12) (1961) 763-774. More recently see a brief but informative and well-referenced article by Guy Hasegawa, Pharmacy in the American Civil War, American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 57 (2001) 475-489. This has since been reprinted as part of a special Civil War issue of Pharmacy in History 42 (2000) that also contains Michael A. Flarmery, The Life of a Hospital Steward The Civil War Journal of Spencer Bonsall (87-97) and Maurice Albin, The Use of Anesthetics During the Civil War, 1861-1865 (99-114). 

The nuclear atom is the picture of the atom as a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons. Although the idea of atoms in speculative philosophy goes back to at least the time of Democrims, the atom as the basis of a scientifically credible theory emerges only in nineteenth century, with the rationalization by Dalton in 1808 of the law of definite proportions. Nevertheless, atoms were regarded by many scientists of the positivist school of Ernst Mach as being at best a convenient hypothesis, despite the success of the atomistic MaxweU-Boltzmaim kinetic theory of gases and it was not until 1908, when Perrin s experiments confirmed Einstein s atomistic analysis of... 

The roots of immersion lithography date back to the invention of immersion microscopy by Ernst Abbe (1840 1905) in 1878, since he sought ways to increase the resolving power of optical... 

Unfortunately, because there are so many variables it is rarely possible to compare the observations made in different studies and the literature contains many conflicting results. For example, there is some contention as to whether the bands form during shear [ 109,119] or on stress relaxation afterwards [83, 120], Ernst and Navard [120] considered a rather pure relaxation process via a periodic distortion after shear flow has ceased. According to this model, the macromolecules are stretched in the flow and then relax back. It is not clear, however, which mechanism in the relaxation process is responsible for the observed periodic structure. There is also disagreement as to whether the shear threshold does [ 110,121 ] or does not [120, 122] depend on sample thickness. A shear threshold inversely proportional to the sample thickness, as reported in [121], would support the instability concept. Zielinska and Ten Bosch [124, 125] argued that, for simple shear flow, the band structures are due to an instability mechanism present in the Leslie-Ericksen... 

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