Baboons

FIGURE 1.1 (a) Mandrill Mandrillus sphinx), a baboon native to West Africa. 

Gettleman, L., Cocks, F. H., Darmiento, L. A., Levine. P. A., Wright, S. and Nathanson, D. Measurement of In Vivo Corrosion Rates in Baboons and Correlation with In Vitro Tests , Journal of Dental Research, 59, 689-707 (1980)... 

Ator NA Relation between discriminative and reinforcing effects of midazolam, pentobarbital, chlordiazepoxide, Zolpidem, and imidazenil in baboons. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 163 477 87, 2002... 

Ator NA Selectivity in generalization to GABAergic drugs in midazolam-trained baboons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75 435 43, 2003... 

Ator NA, Weerts EM, Kaminski BJ, et al Zaleplon and triazolam physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons. Drug Alcohol Depend 61 69-84, 2000... 

Walker BM, Ettenberg A The effects of alprazolam on conditioned place preferences produced by intravenous heroin. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 75 75 80, 2003 Weens EM, Griffiths RR Zolpidem self-injection with concurrent physical dependence under conditions of long-term continuous availability in baboons. Behav Pharmacol 9 285—297, 1998... 

Lee-Thorp, J.A., van der Merwe, N.J. and Brain, C.K. 1989b Isotopic evidence for dietary differences between two extinct baboon species from Swartkrans. Journal of Human Evolution 18 183-190. 

A testosterone microsphere system for treatment of hypogonadol males has been developed and clinically evaluated (61,78). This formulation is based on a glycolide/DL-lactide copolymer and natural testosterone (Fig. 6). Because testosterone is not a very potent compound, about 600 mg of the drug is needed in adult males over a 90-day period. The performance of the testosterone system in baboons is shown in Fig. 7. Similar formulations have also been used in the control of the wild horse population of the western United States. Stallions were injected with a testosterone microsphere formulation designed to inhibit sperm production over a 6-month period (79). 

FIGURE 7 Serum testosterone levels in three baboons treated with a single injection of testosterone-loaded microspheres. 

Arnold AW, Hausermann P, Bach S, Bircher AJ Recurrent flexural exanthema (SDRIFE or baboon syndrome) after administration of two different iodinated radiocontrast media. Dermatology 2007 214 89-93. Laroche D Immediate reactions to contrast media mediator release and value of diagnostic testing. Toxicology 2005 209 193-194. 

Del Zoppo GJ, Copeland BR, Waltz TA, Zyroff J, Plow EF, Harker LA. The beneficial effect of intracarotid urokinase on acute stroke in a baboon model. Stroke. 1986 17 638-643. 

Muller WF, Coulston F, Korte F. 1982. Comparative metabolism of " C-trichloroethylene in chimpanzees, baboons, and rhesus monkeys. Chemosphere 11 215-218. 

Various animals show spontaneous epilepsy or seizures that can be readily induced by sensory stimulation (see Jobe et al. 1991). Tottering mice display seizures that resemble absence attacks behaviourally, in their EEG pattern and response to drugs. DBA/2 mice show reflex seizures to audiogenic stimuli while photically-induced seizures can be obtained in the Senegalese baboon, Papiopapio, which are similar to generalised tonic-clonic epilepsy. 

These have yielded few data apart from reports of reduced GABA and taurine in the CSF of baboons with spontaneous seizures. 

Von Ritter, C., Oostuizen, M.M.J., Lambrechechts, H., Hunter, S., Svensson, E G. and Hinder, R.A. (1986). Free radical scavengers decrease reperfusion damage of the gastric mucosa in baboons. Gastroenterology 90, A1682. 

Similarly, self-administration of MDMA in monkeys trained to self-administer amphetamine (Kamien et al. 1986) or in monkeys or baboons trained to self-administer cocaine (Beardsley et al. 1986 Lamb and Griffiths 1987) probably reflects a dopaminergic component to the pharmacology of MDMA. This would be consistent with current theories of dopamine involvement in the mechanism of action of drugs with dependence liability (Wise and Bozarth 1987). 

Self-Injection in Baboons of Amphetamines and Reiated Designer Drugs... 

Baboons were surgically prepared with chronically indwelling silastic catheters implanted in either femoral or jugular veins under pentobarbital or halothane anesthesia using methods described in detail by Lukas et al. 

All baboons had served in studies of intravenous self-injection with a variety of drugs. They had continuous access to water via a drinking tube and to food pellets (as described below) and received two pieces of fresh fruit and a multivitamin daily. 

Griffiths, R.R Winger, G. Brady, J.V. and Snell, J.D. Comparison of behavior maintained by infusions of eight phenethylamines in baboons. Psychopharmacology 50 251-258, 1976. 

Lamb, R.J., and Griffiths, R.R. Self-injection of 7,1-3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA) in the baboon. Psychopharmacology 91 268-272, 1987. 

Lukas, S.E. Griffiths, RR. Bradford, L.D. Brady, J.V. Daley, L. and DeLorenzo, R. A tethering system for intravenous and intragastric drug administration in the baboon. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 17 823-829,... 

---