Azeotropic ternary

The simplest form of ternary RCM, as exemplified for the ideal normal-paraffin system of pentane-hexane-heptane, is illustrated in Fig. 13-58 7, using a right-triangle diagram. Maps for all other non-azeotropic ternary mixtures are qiiahtatively similar. Each of the infinite number of possible residue curves originates at the pentane vertex, travels toward and then away from the hexane vertex, and terminates at the heptane vertex. 

Petlyuk FB, Kievskii VY and Serafimov LA (1975) Thermodynamic and Topological Analysis of the Phase Diagrams of Polyazeotropic Mixtures II. Algorithm for Construction of Structural Graphs for Azeotropic Ternary Mixtures, Russ J Phys Chem, 49 1836. 

Stichlmair, J., J.R. Herguijuela, Separation regions and processes of zeotropic and azeotropic ternary distillation, AIChEJ, 38,1523-1535,... 

Stichlmair, J., J.R. Fair, J. L. Bravo, 1989, Separation of azeotropic mixture via enhanced distillation, Chem. Eng. Progress, 85(1), 63-69 Stichlmair, J., J. R. Herguijuela, 1992, Separation regions and processes of zeotropic and azeotropic ternary distillation, AIChEJ, 38, p. 1523-1535 Stichlmair, J. G., J. R. Fair, 1999, Distillation, Principles and Practice, Willey-VCH Strathmann, H., 1990, Membrane and Membrane Separation Processes, Ullmann s Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry, vol. A16 Taylor, R., Krishna, R., 2000, Modelling reactive distillation, Chem. Eng. Sci., 52, 993-1005... 

Fig. 5.2-23 Determination of the feasible products D and B of an azeotropic ternary mixture with a border distillation line. The straight lines passing though the feed F constitute a chord to a distillation line...

Sargent, R. W. H. (1998). A Functional Approach to Process Synthesis and Its Apphcation to Distillation Systems. Comput. Chem. Eng., 22,31-45. Stichlmair, J. B., Herguijuela, J. R. (1992). Separation Regions and Processes of Zeotropic and Azeotropic Ternary Distillation. AIChE J,38,1523-1535. Stichlmair, J. G., Fair, J. R. (1998). Distillation Principles and Practice. New York John Wiley. 

In the first class, azeotropic distillation, the extraneous mass-separating agent is relatively volatile and is known as an entrainer. This entrainer forms either a low-boiling binary azeotrope with one of the keys or, more often, a ternary azeotrope containing both keys. The latter kind of operation is feasible only if condensation of the overhead vapor results in two liquid phases, one of which contains the bulk of one of the key components and the other contains the bulk of the entrainer. A t3q)ical scheme is shown in Fig. 3.10. The mixture (A -I- B) is fed to the column, and relatively pure A is taken from the column bottoms. A ternary azeotrope distilled overhead is condensed and separated into two liquid layers in the decanter. One layer contains a mixture of A -I- entrainer which is returned as reflux. The other layer contains relatively pure B. If the B layer contains a significant amount of entrainer, then this layer may need to be fed to an additional column to separate and recycle the entrainer and produce pure B. 

The 95% ethanol of Everclear is not an arbitrary concentration that the producer decided to stop at, mind you. It so happens that 95% ethanol and 5% water is a constant boiling mix that no more ethanol can be purified from. That 5% water is there to stay There are ways to remove that water such as producing a ternary azeotrope by the addition of benzene, but they are kind of a hassle and may... 

Revised material in Section 5 includes an extensive tabulation of binary and ternary azeotropes comprising approximately 850 entries. Over 975 compounds have values listed for viscosity, dielectric constant, dipole moment, and surface tension. Whenever possible, data for viscosity and dielectric constant are provided at two temperatures to permit interpolation for intermediate temperatures and also to permit limited extrapolation of the data. The dipole moments are often listed for different physical states. Values for surface tension can be calculated over a range of temperatures from two constants that can be fitted into a linear equation. Also extensively revised and expanded are the properties of combustible mixtures in air. A table of triple points has been added. 

Isoprene [78-79-5] (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is a colorless, volatile Hquid that is soluble in most hydrocarbons but is practically insoluble in water. Isoprene forms binary azeotropes with water, methanol, methylamine, acetonitrile, methyl formate, bromoethane, ethyl alcohol, methyl sulfide, acetone, propylene oxide, ethyl formate, isopropyl nitrate, methyla1 (dimethoxymethane), ethyl ether, and / -pentane. Ternary azeotropes form with water—acetone, water—acetonitrile, and methyl formate—ethyl bromide (8). Typical properties of isoprene are Hsted in Table 1. 

The physical and thermodynamic properties of benzene are shown in Table 1 (2). Azeotrope data for benzene with selected compounds are shown in Table 2 (3). Benzene forms minimum-boiling azeotropes with many alcohols and hydrocarbons. Benzene also forms ternary azeotropes. 

Carbon tetrachloride readily dissolves stannic chloride, SnCl, but not ferric chloride, FeCl. Carbon tetrachloride forms a large number of binary and several ternary azeotropic mixtures a partial Hst of the former is shown in Table 3. 

The relative volatiHty of most mixtures changes with temperature, pressure, and composition. The larger the value of the easier it is to separate component / from componentj. From equation 2, at a ( component, ie, biaary, ternary, etc, homogeneous azeotrope, for all c components ia the... 

Fig. 3. Residue curve map for a ternary mixture with a distillation boundary mnning from pure component D to the binary azeotrope C.

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