Aversive signals

It is well know that /3-adrenoceptors couple to adenylate cyclases to activate a protein kinase A (PKA), but no direct evidence exists for the involvement of the /3-adrenoceptor-PKA signaling pathway in the affective component of pain. Thus, we examined the effect of intra-vBNST administration of a selective PKA inhibitor on isoproterenol- and pain-induced aversion. CPA induced by the intra-vBNST injection of isoproterenol was reversed by the coinjection of Rp-cyclic adenosine monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPS), a selective PKA inhibitor. Furthermore, intra-vBNST injection of Rp-cAMPS dose-dependently attenuated the F-CPA. These data suggest that PKA activation within the vBNST via the enhancement of /3-adrenergic transmission is important for the negative affective component of pain (Fig. 3). 

Johansen, J. P., and Fields, H. L. (2004). Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces an aversive teaching signal. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 398-403. 

Liss PS, Malin G, Turner SM, Holligan PM (1994) Dimethyl sulphide and Phaeocystis a review. J Mar Syst 5 41 Long JD (2004) Plasticity of consumer-prey interactions in the sea chemical signaling, learned aversions, and ecological consequences. Biology. Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, pill... 

Suppressing aversive memories, via inhibition of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic signalling (Marsicano et al. 2002)... 

Early studies described the function of male mouse urinary odour cues as aggression-promoting or aversive to other males. However, the response to a scent depends on a wide range of different factors and scent marks are generally deposited as a broadcast signal that will be encountered by many different individuals (Hurst, 2004). Thus it is more appropriate to consider the information provided by male scents as signals that advertise specific aspects of a male s quality or competitive ability. 

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