Average electric energy

Moreover, the diesel generator operates frequently (3501 h/yr) in order to serve electric loads at periods of low wind resource and has an annual diesel fuel consumption of 24,407 L/yr. The monthly average electrical energy production of the existing wind-diesel system of Fair Isle is demonstrated in Figure 5.7. 

In the crudest approximation, the effect of the efectrical double layer on electron transfer is taken into account by introduction of the electrostatic energy -e /i of the electron in the acceptor into the free energy of the transition AF [Frumkin correction see Eq. (34.25)], so that corrected Tafel plots are obtained in the coordinates In i vs. e(E - /i). Here /i is the average electric potential at the site of location of the acceptor ion. It depends on the concentration of supporting electrolyte and is small at large concentrations. Such approach implies in fact that the reacting ion represents a probe ion (i.e., it does not disturb the electric held distribution). 

In a fluid model the correct calculation of the source terms of electron impact collisions (e.g. ionization) is important. These source terms depend on the EEDF. In the 2D model described here, the source terms as well as the electron transport coefficients are related to the average electron energy and the composition of the gas by first calculating the EEDF for a number of values of the electric field (by solving the Boltzmann equation in the two-term approximation) and constructing a lookup table. 

The fluid model is a description of the RF discharge in terms of averaged quantities [268, 269]. Balance equations for particle, momentum, and/or energy density are solved consistently with the Poisson equation for the electric field. Fluxes described by drift and diffusion terms may replace the momentum balance. In most cases, for the electrons both the particle density and the energy are incorporated, whereas for the ions only the densities are calculated. If the balance equation for the averaged electron energy is incorporated, the electron transport coefficients and the ionization, attachment, and excitation rates can be handled as functions of the electron temperature instead of the local electric field. 

Under utilities should be included the costs for items that enter the plant but do not enter directly into the material formulation of the products or by-products. This includes coal, oil, gas, electricity, water, air, and inert gases. The amounts of cooling, process, and potable water should each be specified. Potable water is water that can be used for drinking and food preparation. It is usually purchased from a nearby municipality. The average electrical power required, peak power required, and demand power need to be calculated. Demand power is the number of kilowatts of energy that the utility company agrees to supply on an uninterrupted basis. A premium price is charged for this power. 

Electrical cells based on semiconductors that produce electricity from sunlight and deliver the electrical energy to an external load are known as photovoltaic cells. At present most commercial solar cells consist of silicon doped with small levels of controlled impurity elements, which increase the conductivity because either the CB is partly filled with electrons (n-type doping) or the VB is partly filled with holes (p-type doping). The electrons have, on average, a potential energy known as the Fermi level, which is just below that of the CB in n-type semiconductors and just above that of the VB in p-type semiconductors (Figure 11.2). 

The biomass characteristics already described, namely 50% moisture content and heterogeneity, introduce many materials handling problems. The importance of scale should also be noted—the largest biomass processing plants are pulp mills of around 2000 ton/day of product or about 6000 t/day of dry feed stock. In electrical energy terms, the average Canadian pulp mill of 1200 t/day would correspond to an electrical station of 150 MWq (70-85% utilisation) or the production of about 1100... 

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