Available carbon dioxide

If the quantity of available carbon dioxide is limited, the normal carbonate results. 

When two nonmetalhc elements combine, the product formed often depends on the relative quantities of the reactants present. For example, when carbon combines with oxygen, either of two possible compounds may be produced carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. When the supply of oxygen is limited, carbon monoxide is produced, but when excess oxygen is available, carbon dioxide results ... 

In addition to an energy source, the bacteria require a carbon source which may be universally available carbon dioxide or, in some instances, simple organic compounds. Lowson (1975) quotes a number of cases which suggest that bacterial activity is not greatly hindered by lack of available carbon or of trace elements since the addition of nutrients provided little or no increase in uranium leaching rates. 

The diversity of polysaccharides at the molecular level is due to the simple basic elements from which they are built. Abundant and ubiquitously available carbon (dioxide), oxygen, hydrogen, and H2O, with contributions from phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and nitrogen (N) at different states of oxidation (global distribution of C 9.5%, H 63%, O 25.5%, N 1.4%), are the building blocks for on-demand formation and transformation of natural carbohydrates, primarily by green plants and algae. The polysaccharides... 

Acetyl Bromide Data not available Data not available Data not available Data not available Carbon dioxide Water Do not apply water to adjacent fires, reacts with water to produce toxic and irritating gases Data not available Reacts violently, forming corrosive and toxic fumes of hydrogen bromide ... 

Acetyl Chloride 40 Data not available Data not available Carbon dioxide, dry chemical Water, foam Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a considerable distance for a source of ignition and flash back 734 Reacts vigorously with water, involving hydrogen chloride fumes (hydrochloric acid) ... 

For pH <5, the dissolved carbon dioxide does not dissociate appreciably and its effective Henry s law constant is, for all practical purposes, equal to its Henry s law constant. For a gas-phase C02 mixing ratio equal to 330 ppm, the equilibrium aqueous-phase concentration is 11.2 pM (Figure 7.4). As the pH increases to values higher than 5,C02 H20 starts dissociating and the dissolved total carbon dioxide increases exponentially. However, even at pH 8, Hq0i is only 1.5 M atm-1, and practically all the available carbon dioxide is still in the gas phase. The aqueous-phase concentration of total carbon dioxide increases to hundreds of pM for alkaline water. 

The scientific community has begun to realize that carbon dioxide represents an attractive continuous phase for many applications, especially as it is naturally occurring and readily available. Carbon dioxide can be harvested from abundant natural reservoirs, and recycled CO2 can be recovered from the waste streams of power plants and industrial plants that produce ammonia, ethanol, hydrogen, and ethylene oxide [7]. In addition. 

Supercritical fluid CO is said to have become a mainstay in extraction processes in the food industiy (decaffeination, extraction of hops) and apparel diy cleaning, where it is said to be the best, gentlest, most thorough cleaning method now available. Carbon dioxide is also said to be considered the best supercritical fluid for the dyeing process, is naturally occurring, chemically inert, physiologically compatible, relatively inexpensive and readily available. 

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