National availability curve

A commonly used method of approximating the productive capacity of a body of reserves is to assume that a minimum reserve-to-production ratio (usually 10) is required to provide for adequate delivery rates. This rule of thumb approach does not consider the sometimes rather wide variations experienced with actual gas reservoirs. In an attempt to make an improved approximation of future long-term gas deliverability, the FPC staflF developed a method to estimate the national production capability for each year by the computerized application of a national availability curve. This curve was synthesized from FPC Form 15 deliverability data from more than 900 individual sources of supply which comprised more than 88% of the interstate and 62% of the national reserves in 1968. This method is superior to an R/P limit approach because it is derived from deliverability data which consider actual reservoir production characteristics. 

The production projection for 1971 through 1990 (Figure 6) was derived from presently proved reserves plus anticipated reserve additions as scheduled by the methods described above and was computed by using the national availability curve. Annual gas production has increased exponentially in the past. In the 1971-1990 time interval, however, it is projected to peak at about 24.8 Tcf, around 1973-1974, and thereafter dechne and stabilize at a somewhat lower level in the 1980 s. Because demand is projected to grow while domestic supply is projected to sta-... 

Fig. 13 Correction curve generated with silicon powder. The silicon powder is a Standard Reference Material available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Md. (Reproduced with permission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, from Ref. 71.)...

A sample for which the true response is already known or is established is called a standard. A standard can be a primary standard, which is a standard through which other substances or solutions are made to be standards. It can also be a secondary standard, a solution whose concentration is known accurately either because it was prepared using a primary standard or because it was compared to another standard. All standards must ultimately be traced to a standard reference material (SRM). Standard reference materials are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and should not be used for any other purpose in the laboratory (Section 5.4). Standardization is an experiment in which a solution is compared to a standard in order for itself to be a standard. The solutions used to establish a standard curve are often called reference standards and these must also be traceable to an SRM. 

Figure 23-1. T.F. s body mass index growth curve over time. Plotted on the reference chart of the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control available at http // www.cdc. gov/nchs/howto/howto. htm.

Therefore, we make resistivity measurements by first generating calibration curves on known-reslstlvlty samples of the same type, orientation, and surface finish as the test specimens to be profiled. Calibration curves are generated for a particular pair of probes at a particular time, using known-reslstlvlty samples of the highest quality available. This calibration procedure Is a particularly noteworthy characteristic of the spreading resistance technique. It means that spreading resistance Is a comparison method, and that Its ultimate accuracy Is therefore limited only by the calibration material available. Fortunately, It s now possible to obtain complete sets of calibration samples from the National Bureau of Standards. 

When it is possible to establish that total sample X-ray-absorption docs not vary appreciably over an expected range of analyte concentrations and when enhancement effects are absent, we generally find a linear relationship between XRF line intensity and clement concentration." When such conditions occur, it is often possible to use type siandardizaiinn techniques. In those techniques, standards are prepared and characterized or. more often, purchased from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or other sources. These standards are then used to calibrate spectrometers and establish the working curves for analysis. Hundreds of such standards are available for matching samples with particular types of standards. 

The wavelength uncertainty test verifies the accuracy and precision of the spectrophotometer x-axis. Typically, the x-axis will be in nanometers for a dispersion instrument and cm for a FT instrument. The use of cm for the spectral axis of an FT instrument is due to the mathematics of the interference term (Atkins 1996). The wavelength standards have stable isolated peaks usually based on a mixture of rare-earth oxides. The center of mass of the peaks is compared to standard values established on master instruments at National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The typical tolerance values for the peak accuracy are 1 nm [19]. The observed precision values are usually much smaller than 1 nm due to the high reproducibility of modern spectrophotometers. The photometric linearity verifies that the y-axis of the spectrophotometer is linear over a typical refiectance range. The linearity is verified by scanning a series of standards of known reflectance (absorbance) values. The measured absorbance is plotted versus the standard values. The USP chapter specifies that the slope of this curve is equal to 1.0 0.05 with an intercept of 0.0 0.05. Photometric standards are available from instrument vendors and third party suppliers. 

The FN-curve due to flooding on a national scale of Vietnam are in Fig. 1 (Mai Van et al. 2008). It is noted that these curves were estabUshed on the basis of historical loss information in terms of economic damages and human lives due to all-cause-flood events of Vietnam in the last century. The most important and reliable source of information used in these analysis is the top 25 flood disasters of Vietnam in the 20th century, which currently available in the report of Asian Disaster Reduction Centre (ADRC, 2006). 

Los Alamos National Laboratory, was used for impact experiments. The samples yielded smooth DTA and pyrolysis curves indicating no peaks or changes below their normal temperatures of decomposition. On washing the control TATB samples with acetone, no ragged holes or micro-cavities appeared under the SEM due to impurity extraction. The samples of TNT, HMX, RDX and other explosives used, were also the best samples available from various laboratories. 

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