Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder pharmacological treatments

Greenhill LL, Ford RE. Childhood attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder pharmacological treatments. In Nathan PE, Gorman JM (eds), A Guide to Treatments that Work, 2nd Edition. London Oxford University Press, 2002, pp 25-55. 

Greenhill, L. (1998) Childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacological treatments. In Nathan, P.E. and Gorman, J., eds. Treatments That Work, 1st ed. Philadephia W.B. Saunders, pp.42-64. 

PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER RELEVANCE TO MODULATORY PROCESSES... 

Biederman, J., Mick, E., Prince,., Bostic, J.O., Wilens, T.E., Spencer, T., Wozniak, J., and Faraone, S.V. (1999a) Systematic chart review of the pharmacologic treatment of comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in youth with bipolar disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 9 247—256. 

Popper, C.W. (2000). Pharmacologic alternatives to psychostimulants for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child Adolesc Psychaiatr Clin N Amer 9 605-646. 

PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF ATTENTION-DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER IN INDIVIDUALS WITH TOURETTE S SYNDROME... 

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the best studied and most effectively treated of all disorders in medicine. The data supporting its validity are more compelling than for many nonpsychiatric medical conditions ( 41, 42). A quarter-century of published treatment studies and clinical experience document the short-term effectiveness of pharmacological management (43). 

In addition, it exerts beneficial effects in many disorders as an adjuvant to other treatment modalities. Such effects are apparent only if it is administered to an already pharmacologically treated patient. For example, in unresponsive major depressive disorder, the co-administration of lithium to an ongoing antidepressant treatment increases the response rate by up to 50%. In most cases, the response to lithium augmentation is either considerable or not at all ( all-or-none phenomenon). Some (currently not convincing) results have also been reported in unipolar depression, bulimia nervosa, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Lithium also exerts antiaggressive effects in conduct disorder, independent of any mood disorder, and can reduce behavioral dyscontrol and self-mutilation in mentally retarded patients. One of the most striking effects of lithium is its antisuicidal effect in patients who suffer from bipolar and unipolar depressive disorder irrespective of comorbid axis I disorder. ... 

Wender, P.H., Wood, D.R., and Reimherr, EW. (1985) Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type (ADDRT, minimal brain dysfunction , hyperactivity ) in adults. Psycho-pharmacol Bull 21 222-232. 

Methylphenidate (MPH, Ritalin ) is a central nervous system stimulant that is used for the treatment of attention deficit disorders, with and without hyperactivity, and narcolepsy. MPH has two chiral centres and is marketed as a racemic mixture. It is known that d-threo-MP is pharmacologically more active than l-threo-MPH. The drag is rapidly metabohzed in humans to the inactive ritalinic acid. High-throughput analysis with chiral selectivity is demanded for the bioanalysis of MPH and its major metabolite. 

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