Leaching atrazine

Persicani, D., G. Gasparetti, P. Siro, and M. Bonvini (1995). Measurement and simulation of atrazine leaching into two field soils. J. Contam. Hydrol., 19 127-144. 

Triazines and metabolites remain in the surface soil as a result of sorption processes. In intact soil cores containing a silt loam soil, atrazine leaching was primarily influenced by sorption-related nonequilibrium at low pore water velocities and by a combination of both transport- and sorption-related nonequilibrium at high pore water velocities (Gaber et al., 1995). 

Liu, Z., S.A. Clay, D.E. Clay, and S.S. Harper (1995). Ammonia impacts on atrazine leaching through undisturbed soil columns. J. Environ. Qual., 24 1170-1173. 

Figure 1. Simulated effect of soil properties on atrazine leaching (a) bulk density [Pb] (b) organic matter [CM] content ...

Schiavon, M. 1988a. Studies of the leaching of atrazine, of its chlorinated derivatives, and of hydroxyatrazine from soil using 14C ring-labeled compounds under outdoor conditions. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 15 46-54. 

In leaching field-aged residues of Atrazine and Metolachlor from a soil column, a model with a single diffusion parameter underestimated desorption at early times and overestimated desorption at late times. 

Groundwater. According to the U.S. EPA (1986) atrazine has a high potential to leach to groundwater. 

The most ubiquitous pesticide was simazine, present in 80% of the samples, followed by atrazine, diuron, DEA and diazinon, present in more than 50% of the samples (64%, 56%, 56% and 50%, respectively). Cyanazine, molinate, fenitro-thion and mecoprop were detected in less than 5% of the samples. The maximum individual concentrations were observed for alachlor (9,950 ng/L in M33, 2008), dimethoate (2,277 ng/L in M35, 2010), DEA (1,370 ng/L in M48, 2007) and linuron (1,010 ng/L in M33, 2008), while many others, such as terbuthylazine, DIA, atrazine and metolachlor, presented levels also higher than 500 ng/L. Results are consistent when evaluated with the GUS index (see Table 2). Mots triazines and metolachlor, i.e., the compounds with GUS index > 3 and therefore with higher leaching potential, were among the most ubiquitous an abundant compounds. In contrast, fenitrothion, which according to its GUS index (0.64) is a nonlixiviable pesticide, was detected at low levels in less than 5% of the samples. 

The triazine herbicides simazine, atrazine, and hexazinone are commonly used in Christmas tree plantings in North America. Hexazinone is widely used in certain pines and on other conifer species in natural stands in regions where the organic matter content in soil is adequate to prevent excessive leaching to conifer root zones. Simazine and... 

Guillard, K., G.S. Warner, K.L. Kopp, and J.D. Stake (1999). Leaching of broadcast and banded atrazine from maize plots. J. Environ. Qual., 28 130-137. 

In most column-leaching studies, the bulk of triazines remain near the soil surface. For instance, Kruger et al. (1993) found that in a 60-cm column of Iowa soil taken from a held with no previous pesticide history, approximately 1.2% of the 14C-atrazine was recovered in leachate over a 12-week period. By the end of the experiment, 77% of the 14C applied remained in the upper 10 cm of soil, and bound residue was the primary component. Both atrazine and degradation products (DIA > HA > DEA > DEHA > DIHA) were found in the top 10 cm of surface soil. 

Burnside, O.C., C.R. Fenster, and G.A. Wicks (1963). Dissipation and leaching of monuron, simazine, and atrazine in Nebraska soils. Weeds, 11 209-213. 

Chammas, G.A., J.L. Hutson, J.J. Hart, and J.M. DiTomaso (1997). Microscale variability of atrazine and chloride leaching under field conditions. Weed Technol., 11 98-104. 

Davis-Carter, J.G. and B. Burgoa (1993). Atrazine runoff and leaching losses from soil in tilted beds as influenced by three rates of lagoon effluent. J. Environ. Sci. Health B, 28 1-18. 

Dousset, S., C. Mouvet, and M. Schiavon (1995). Leaching of atrazine and some of its metabolites in undisturbed field lysimeters of three soil types. Chemosphere, 30 511-524. 

Dowdy, R.H., J.A. Lamb, J.L. Anderson, D.C. Reicosky, and R.S. Alessi (1995). Atrazine and alachlor leaching under com/soybean canopies. In Clean Water-Clean Environment - 21st Century, Conference Proceedings of American Society of Agriculture Engineers, Vol. 1. St. Joseph, MI, pp. 65-68. 

Felding, G. (1992a). Leaching of atrazine into groundwater. Pestic. Sci., 35 39—13. 

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