Atomic spectrometry basis

In following sections, the basis of the main components of a neuron, how it works and, finally, how a set of neurons are connected to yield an ANN are presented. A short description of the most common rules by which ANNs learn is also given (focused on the error back-propagation learning scheme). We also concentrate on how ANNs can be applied to perform regression tasks and, finally, a review of published papers dealing with applications to atomic spectrometry, most of them reported recently, is presented. 

The history of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) goes back to Bunsen and Kirchhoff, who reported in 1860 on spectroscopic investigations of the alkali and alkali earth elements with the aid of their spectroscope [1], The elements cesium and rubidium and later on thorium and indium were also discovered on the basis of their atomic emission spectra. From these early beginnings qualitative and quantitative aspects of atomic spectrometry were considered. The occurrence of atomic spectral lines was understood as uniequivocal proof of the presence of these elements in a mixture. Bunsen and Kirchhoff in addition, however, also estimated the amounts of sodium that had to be brought into the flame to give a detectable line emission and therewith gave the basis for quantitative analyses and trace determinations with atomic spectrometry. 

In this section, we briefly con.sider the theoretical basis of optical atomic spectrometry and some of the important characterislies of optical spectra. 

These three expressions (/em> Iahy - n) form the practical basis of the formulae used in analytical atomic spectrometry. 

Introduction Basis of Analytical Atomic Spectrometrie Techniques... 

The basis of life, the challenge of atomic spectrometry, J. Anal. At. 

X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is a technique for measuring the elemental composition of samples. The basis of the technique is the relationship between the wavelength or energy of the emitted incoherently scattered x-ray photons and the atomic number of the element. This relationship estabHshed in 1913 is... 

Cutter [122] used a selective hydride generation procedure as a basis for the differential determination of arsenic and selenium species in sediments. Goulden et al. [123] also discuss the determination of arsenic and selenium in sediments by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

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