Atomic resolution transmission electron

Ziegler, A., Kisielowski, C., Hoffmann, M.J. and Ritchie, R.O., (2003), Atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy of the intergranular structure of a Y203-containing silicon nitride ceramic , J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 86 (10), 1777-1785. 

A "direct" observation of individual atoms is achieved in atomic resolution transmission electron microscopes (AR-TEM), in the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), and in the atomic force microscope (AFM) (5, 4). While AR-TEM are large machines with very high voltage (6 x 105 to 106 volts) applied to an electron-transparent small object, STM and AFM are small devices with ultrasensitive tip positioning mechanics that is suited for flat or near-flat objects and will... 

B-TEM sanple corresponding to the above specimen. From the B-ThM saitples, it was possible to conduct detailed TEM analysis which gave the follcwing information on the above defects. Dislocation loops at depth level I were dominantly a/3 <111> type and extrinsic (extra layers) in nature. The tips of the hair-pin dislocations were of the same character as at I, however, the arms of the hair-pins lay along all six <110> directions. The defects in layer III were found to be stacking fault bundles and microtwins by atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy (17). 

Banfield JF, Murakami, T (1998) Atomic-resolution transmission electron microscope evidence for the mechanism by which chlorite weathers to 1 1 semi-regular chlorite-vermiculite. Am Mineral 83 348-357... 

Figure 6-21. Atomic resolution transmission electron micrograph of multiply twinned colloidal Cu particle showing twin planes. (Reproduced by permission from ref. [41].)...

Fig. 1.18. Atomic resolution transmission electron micrograph of an interface between GdTe and GaAs where the misfit strain is relaxed by the introduction of edge dislocations. The letters S and F refer to start and finish for the Burgers circuit around the dislocation. The bright white spots correspond to atomic positions and the fuzzy white clusters at the interface correspond to the cores of the dislocations. Reproduced with permission from Schwartzman and Sinclair (1991).

The spatial arrangement of atoms in two-dimensional protein arrays can be detennined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy [20]. The measurements have to be carried out in high vacuum, but since tire metliod is used above all for investigating membrane proteins, it may be supposed tliat tire presence of tire lipid bilayer ensures tliat tire protein remains essentially in its native configuration. 

However, in more recent times science has made rapid strides in this direction. It is now possible to use EXAFS in situ during a catalytic reaction to examine the average coordination of metal atoms in the small particles which often exist in precious metal catalysts [2]. High resolution transmission electron microscopy has evolved to the level of atomic resolution, but can only be used ex-situ, or in situ with moderate pressures when special cells are fitted [3]. 

Fig.2 High-resolution transmission electron micrograph of [Os5C(CO)i4] on MgO. This cluster was present with osmium carbonyl clusters with lower nuclearities (containing three and four Os atoms) [25]...

During investigations we were analyzing samples by methods of X-ray diffraction, electron scanning microscopy, microprobe analysis, atomic force microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy with preliminary attracting of the another methods including optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis and some of others. 

Table 5.2 Summary of selected analytical methods for molecular environmental geochemistry. AAS Atomic absorption spectroscopy AFM Atomic force microscopy (also known as SFM) CT Computerized tomography EDS Energy dispersive spectrometry. EELS Electron energy loss spectroscopy EM Electron microscopy EPR Electron paramagnetic resonance (also known as ESR) ESR Electron spin resonance (also known as EPR) EXAFS Extended X-ray absorption fine structure FUR Fourier transform infrared FIR-TEM Fligh-resolution transmission electron microscopy ICP-AES Inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ICP-MS Inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union. O Day PA (1999) Molecular environmental geochemistry. Rev Geophysics 37 249-274. Copyright 1999 American Geophysical Union...

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has matured markedly in the preceding decade and has emerged as a powerful technique for investigation of nanostructured metal catalysts at the atomic level, even under working conditions. The ability to image the dynamic structure and morphology of supported metal nanocluster catalysts in such detail makes HRTEM an essential complement to the arsenal of spectroscopic techniques used for characterization of... 

Li et al. made extraordinarily perfect artificial c-axis twist bicrystal junctions.[3] These junctions were extensively characterized using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy, and low energy electron diffraction, etc., and the results were compared with computer simulations. [4] More recently, off-axis electron holography provided compelling evidence of the remarkable atomic perfection and reproducibility of the twist junctions.[5]... 

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