Atomic properties carbon family elements

Plasma Synthesis The use of plasma methods has lead to a new range of materials having unique properties. An example is the family of amorphous elemental hydrides (eg cr-C H Of -Si H or-P H) which contain a variable proportion of H from almost zero to 50 atomic %. The carbon films, known variously as "hard carbon", "diamond-like carbon", " a-carbon" etc (9 ) - These layers are of considerable interest because of their optical and abrasion-resistant properties etc (Table I). The properties of these Gr-carbon films, can be tailored by modifying the plasma parameters. 

The elements have remarkably low specific gravity, and a high atomic volume (q.v.). The oxides and hydroxides are markedly basic they do not exhibit acidic qualities. The physical properties of the salts—solubility in water, molecular volume, optical properties, and the variation in the form of the crystals show the same order of variation as the atomic weights of the elements. Lithium differs in mafiy respects from the other members of the family. The salts of the alkali metals —nitrates, chlorides, sulphides, sulphates, phosphates, carbonates, etc.—are nearly all soluble in water, although lithium, carbonate, phosphate, and fluoride are very... 

It is assumed that the use of the Periodic Table as a basis of study of the properties of the elements is understood. Its value for this purpose stems from the fact that atoms with similar electron configurations lie in the same columns. For example, excluding completely filled inner shells, the configurations of the atoms C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb are 2p, 3p2, 4p2, 5p and Gp respectively all the elements have the same spectroscopic ground state as carbon, namely P, and the similarity of their outermost structure is responsible for a family relationship in chemical properties. 

O aikene an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one double bond between two of the carbon atoms in the chain the simplest aikene is ethene, CjH4 O homologous series a family of organic compounds with similar chemical properties as they contain the same functional group alkenes, alcohols, for instance O isomers molecules with the same molecular formula but different stnictural formulae O substitution reaction a reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon are replaced by atoms of another element... 

A second reason for the vast number of organic compounds is that carbon atoms can form stable bonds with other elements. Several families of organic compounds (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and ethers) contain oxygen atoms bonded to carbon. Others contain nitrogen, sulfur, or halogens. The presence of these elements confers a wide variety of new chemical and physical properties on an organic compound. 

CNTs are the common allotropes of carbon element and possess cylindrical nanostrucmre [36, 37]. Nanotubes are members of the fullerene stmcmral family, and its name is derived from their hollow, long structure with the walls formed by one-atom-thick sheets of carbon [36, 37]. CNTs have many exceptional properties, which are precious for modern science and technology [37]. And they have proven potential application in the field of electronics, optics, and other fields of materials science and technology [38]. In specific, owing to their outstanding thermal, mechanical and electrical properties and find significant applications in all field of science so, the area of the conductive polymer is not an exception [37, 38]. Some important properties of CNTs are tabulated below (Fig. 4 Table 1). 

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