Atomic force microscopy , composite

Film-forming chemical reactions and the chemical composition of the film formed on lithium in nonaqueous aprotic liquid electrolytes are reviewed by Dominey [7], SEI formation on carbon and graphite anodes in liquid electrolytes has been reviewed by Dahn et al. [8], In addition to the evolution of new systems, new techniques have recently been adapted to the study of the electrode surface and the chemical and physical properties of the SEI. The most important of these are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), FTIR, NMR, EPR, calorimetry, DSC, TGA, use of quartz-crystal microbalance (QCMB) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). 

Pandey et al. have used ultrasonic velocity measurement to study compatibility of EPDM and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) blends at various blend ratios and in the presence of compa-tibilizers, namely chloro-sulfonated polyethylene (CSM) and chlorinated polyethylene (CM) [22]. They used an ultrasonic interferometer to measure sound velocity in solutions of the mbbers and then-blends. A plot of ultrasonic velocity versus composition of the blends is given in Eigure 11.1. Whereas the solution of the neat blends exhibits a wavy curve (with rise and fall), the curves for blends with compatibihzers (CSM and CM) are hnear. They resemble the curves for free energy change versus composition, where sinusoidal curves in the middle represent immiscibility and upper and lower curves stand for miscibihty. Similar curves are obtained for solutions containing 2 and 5 wt% of the blends. These results were confirmed by measurements with atomic force microscopy (AEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis as shown in Eigures 11.2 and 11.3. Substantial earher work on binary and ternary blends, particularly using EPDM and nitrile mbber, has been reported. 

FIGURE 12.10 Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the section analyzes of ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber-melamine fiber composites. A, composite containing no dry bonding system B, composite containing resorcinol, hexamine, and silica in the concentrations 5, 3, and 15 phr, respectively. 

Vancso, G.J., Hillborg, H., and Schonherr, R., Chemical composition of polymer surfaces imaged by atomic force microscopy and complimentary approaches, Adv. Polym. Sci., 182, 55, 2005. 

Magonov, S.N., Elings, V., Cleveland, J., Denley, D., and Whangbo, M.-H., Tapping-mode atomic force microscopy study of the near-surface composition of a styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer film, Surf. Sci., 389, 201, 1997. 

Vancso, G.J., Hillborg, H. and SchSnherr, H. Chemical Composition of Polymer Surfaces Imaged by Atomic Force Microscopy and Complementary Approaches. Vol. 182, pp. 55-129. 

The morphology of this supramolecular diblock copolymer library has been investigated by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. As illustrated in Fig. 21, at first glance different morphologies were obtained for different compositions. However, interpreting the phase behavior of supramolecular block copolymers is not straightforward. There are several important parameters that play a role in the phase behavior. For instance, the amorphous phase of PEG, the crystalline phase of PEG, the metal complex, and the amorphous PSt contribute to... 

In addition to the electrochemical techniques, many surface analytical techniques are constantly in use, such as ellipsome-try for the surface thin oxide thickness, multiple reflection infrared spectroscopy (MIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for surface layer composition, total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRFS) for the metal surface contaminants, and naturally atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the surface roughness profile. 

Miquel, M.E., Carli, S., Couzens, P.J., Wille, H.J., and Hall, L.D. 2001. Kinetics of the migration of lipids in composite chocolate measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Food Res. Int. 34,773-781. Morris, V.J. 2004. Probing molecular interactions in foods. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 15, 291-297. Morris, V.J., Kirby, A.J., and Gunning, A.P. 1999. Atomic Force Microscopy for Biologists . Imperial College Press, London. 

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