Atmospheric energy transfer process

The extent to which the molecules formed by recombination are in thermal equilibrium with the catalyst is of fundamental interest for the light it sheds on the nature of the interaction with the surface at the instant of reaction. It is also of practical interest, particularly in the use of thermal probes for the determination of atom concentrations, where the need to take account of factors influencing energy transfer processes has not always been recognised. Fresh interest in the phenomenon has been stimulated by the demands of space technology for information on surface heating due to recombination during re-entry into the earth s atmosphere. 

While modeling approaches are inherently more desirable, empirical methods are presently the only approaches used. As indicated above, simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer is quite complex, requires substantial amounts of computing, and cannot currently predict with requisite accuracy. Our knowledge of turbulent diffusion, of the effects of terrain on ffow patterns, and of energy transfer processes is insufficient now to permit accurate predictions. Investigators have adopted the more reliable, but more limited, methods of interpolation and map construction to specify wind fields. Here, we discuss both approaches— numerical... 

Ozone photolysis in the upper atmosphere is extremely rapid. Recent experiments [304, 689] have suggested that, in the presence of ground state molecular oxygen, the singlet production occurs mainly by the energy transfer process ... 

However, if the rate constants of the reaction or energy transfer between the electronically excited NO2 and other atmospheric molecules are large enough, the possibility of such processes cannot be denied. An energy transfer process. 

O2(h X + ) in the Upper Atmosphere. The atmospheric band of O, observed in the upper atmosphere (40 to 130 km) indicates that the 02( ) is produced by photochemical processes (1000). The most likely process is the photolysis of 02 in the Schumann-Runge continuum followed by the energy transfer reaction (350)... 

Luminescence quenching is the process of the redistribution of the electron excitation energy. Let us consider the mechanism of the deactivation of triplet excited SC by CO molecules. It has been established experimentally that luminescence quenching of SC in a CO atmosphere is not accompanied by the formation of new chemical compounds. On the other hand, a CO molecule lacks low-lying electron-excited states to consider the electron-excitation energy transfer in this system. 

Atmospheric pressure plasmas, just like most other plasmas, are generated by a high electric field in a gas volume. The few free electrons which are always present in the gas, due to, for example, cosmic radiation or radioactive decay of certain isotopes, will, after a critical electric field strength has been exceeded, develop an avalanche with ionization and excitation of species. Energy gained by the hot electrons is efficiently transferred and used in the excitation and dissociation of gas molecules. In a nonequilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma, collisions and radiative processes are dominated by energy transfer by stepwise processes and three-body collisions. The dominance of these processes has allowed many... 

Apart from direct photolysis that is highly substrate-dependent, indirect photoreactions sensitized by quinones, furans, aromatic carbonyls (e.g., benzaldehyde derivatives), all important constituents of atmospheric aerosols, can lead to the transformation of many organic compounds [33-35], In such processes the photosensitizer P absorbs radiation and is then able to cause transformation of a substrate S because of energy transfer, electron or atom abstraction. 

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