Asylum

District heating began to appear more frequently in institutional complexes, which were becoming more numerous in both Europe and America. A new state capital complex in Springfield, Illinois in 1867 was sewed by a steam system, and the 1876 Croydon Asylum in the outskirts of London used hot water. Another large steam system was built for the American Centennial Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia. 

Cooper A. The Inmates Are Running the Asylum Why High Tech Products Drive Us Crazy and How to Restore the Sanity. 2nd ed. 2004, , Indianapolis, IN Sams. 

Clearly the result was too important to escape the scrutiny of falsification implicit in the way we do science. The Lunatic Asylum at Caltech under the leadership of Jerry Wasserburg took on that task. Jerry Wasserburg and Jim Chen clearly established the constancy and Earth-likeness of in the samplable universe. In the hands of... 

William Seabrook. Asylum. New York Harcourt, Brace Company, 1935. 

Looking back at an earlier era s race consciousness from the vantage point of the 1940s, Ruth Benedict wrote, In all the American racist volumes there was an immediate political objective revision of the immigration laws. The American temper had changed since the days when our motto was No distinction of race, creed, or color and we offered an asylum for the oppressed. 91 And when, we ought to ask, was thatf At the time that... 

Schizophrenia is a psychotic illness and is one of the most common psychotic disorders (a mental illness in which the sufferer loses contact with reality). About half a million people in the UK suffer from schizophrenia. It affects mainly adolescents and young adults, and there is a genetic component to the disease. Lay terms that have been used for the disorder are insanity, lunacy and madness. Hospitals that catered for such patients were formerly known as lunatic asylums. 

T. Szasz, Ideology and Insanity (Garden City, N.Y. Anchot Books, 1970) R. Laing, The Politics of Experience (New York Ballantine Books, 1967) E. Goffman, Asylums Essays on the Social Situations of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (Garden City, N.Y Doubleday Anchot, 1961). 

His final radio play was To Have Done with the Judgment of God. Artaud wrote this odd piece while in psychiatric institutions, where he was essentially tortured with excessive electroshock and other therapies. He wrote, I myself spent nine years in an insane asylum, and I never had the obsession of suicide, but I know that each conversation with a psychiatrist, every morning at the time of his visit, made me want to hang myself, realizing that I would not be able to cut his throat. ... 

Many eminent persons have had children with serious mental problems and have had at least one child take his or her life. Robert Frost s daughter was committed to the state mental hospital and another daughter had a nervous breakdown. One of Albert Einstein s children was diagnosed as schizophrenic. Ambrose Bierce s oldest son committed suicide, and his other died of alcoholism at age 27. Thomas Edison had two children who became alcoholics, one of whom committed suicide. Alfred Stieglitz s daughter was psychotic and committed to a mental institution. James Joyce had two children. His son became an alcoholic his daughter went mad and, as discussed, was admitted to an asylum for schizophrenia. Numerous other examples demonstrate the frequent problems of geniuses children. Many of these children tried unsuccessfully to pursue careers similar to their eminent parents, but it is not clear if this played any role in their mental problems. 

Carol Loeb Shloss speculates in Lucia Joyce To Dance in the Wake that whatever condition Lucia Joyce had, it was worsened by family members who forced her to give up her career in modem dance— something at which she excelled. Alas, Lucia was frequently abandoned by men she loved. Her mental health declined. Lucia s brother had her committed to a hospital and insisted that she remain locked up in institutions where she was used as a human guinea pig by psychiatrists testing their nutty theories. When she was 28 years old, the Joyces put her in an asylum near Paris, and she never lived on the outside again. James Joyce loved her dearly and never believed that she was insane. He tried desperately to get her out of occupied France. Unfortunately, he died suddenly in 1941, and Lucia was abandoned to remain in mental hospitals for the rest of her life. She died in 1982 at the age of 75. 

In the early Christian Middle Ages, however, a tradition arose that had a beneficial impact on the mentally ill, despite the fanaticism and incitement of later centuries the tradition of mercy. Prayers were said for the possessed and the Church initially saw itself as a haven for the insane and epileptics also. Only in the eleventh century were some madmen considered to be envoys of the devil, to be combated by all available means in the fourteenth century there was a change to isolating the insane from the healthy population in lunatic asylums and madhouses. Therapeutic measures for those isolated in this way were superfluous at that time, especially as those who knew about herbs and poisons were often themselves suspected of being witches (Duerr, 1979). 

The relocation of treatment from chronic hospital settings to outpatient community mental health centers is, in great part, due to the efficacy of antipsychotics. Naturalistic studies before the era of psychotropics revealed that two of three psychotic patients (primarily schizophrenic) spent most of their lives in state asylums. Before the mid-1950 s, there had been a steady increase in state hospital populations, which paralleled the general population growth, but after the introduction of antipsychotics, there was a marked reduction in those hospitalized for various psychoses. Presently, more than 95% of these patients live outside of the hospital, even though many continue to relapse or demonstrate residual symptoms. Thus, although the antipsychotics have not been a panacea, they make community-based care a reality for many who would otherwise have remained chronically institutionalized. 

Rothman, David J. 1980. Conscience and Convenience The Asylum and Its Alternatives in Progressive America. Boston Little, Brown. 

An interesting and oft-investigated question, What is the origin of light and the solution of it, has been repeatedly attempted, with no other result than to crowd our lunatic asylums with the would-be solvers. Hence, after fruitless attempts to suppress such investigations by making them liable to a heavy tax, the Legislature. . . absolutely prohibited them. 

Mayer resumed his medical career in Heilbronn, but was much involved in controversies over the priority for his scientific claims, which had attracted scant attention. Distressed in addition by matters of domestic grief, Mayer attempted suicide and was placed in an asylum in 1851. Although he was later released, Mayer s mind never fully recovered, and his influence on subsequent events in the history of thermodynamics was minimal. 

Recent medications prevent the insane from following their alienation through. They have thereby lost their own "liberation." Eve when they cannot really be cured, they are damped. Strange, dull "improved" cases, which one encounters at present in the asylums or outside, madmen frustrated of their madness. . . (p.190). 

In fall 1999, when the British media started a smear campaign against Rudolf, the nightmare of his wife became true Rudolf became fair game of British politics, media and the justice system.692 Had it been possible for his wife and his children until then to visit Rudolf frequently, this turned out to be extremely difficult ever after, since Rudolf left Europe in late 1999 and entered the USA, where he applied for Political Asylum in October 2000. Especially the abandoned father and his two children suffer terribly under this situation of being almost totally isolated from each other. 

Goffman, E. (1961) Asylums Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. New York Doubleday Anchor. 

Mr. Plex begins to indicate the shape of the oscillation by jumping up and down like a lunatic released from an insane asylum ... 

The AFM experiments were carried out with a MFP-3D (Asylum Research, Santa Barbara, USA) in the AC mode on air with a scan rate of 0.3 Hz. The tips used for the experiments were silicon probes from Budgetsensors (Bulgaria). 

In this sense lobotomy was not a specific therapy. However Joel Braslow found that in the California state asylum it was performed... 

---