Astrocytes exocytosis from

Mechanisms of Gliotransmitters Release Evidence on CXCR4-Mediated Glutamate Exocytosis from Astrocytes... 

Glutamate Exocytosis from Astrocytes Induces Synaptic Modulation... 

Domercq M, BrambiUa L, PUati E, Marchalaud J, Volterra A, Bezzi P (2006) P2Y1 receptor-evoked glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes coutrol by tumor uecrosis factor-alpha aud prostaglaudius. J Biol Chem 281 30684-30696... 

Jourdain P, Bergersen LH, BhaukauraUy K, Bezzi P, Santello M, Domercq M, Matute C, Tonello F, Gundersen V, Volterra A (2007) Glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes controls synaptic strength. Nat Neurosci 10 331-339... 

ATP may be released by exocytosis from neurons, where it is co-stored in synaptic vesicles with other neurotransmitters (Bumstock 2004), and from astrocytes (Volknandt 2002). ATP is also released upon stimulation of membrane receptors or upon mechanical stimulation by mechanisms that mainly involve transporters of the ABC protein family or ATP-permeable anion channels (Bodin and Bumstock 2001). Under pathological conditions, massive release of ATP may occur upon damage of the cell membrane or cell lysis. 

REGULATED EXOCYTOSIS FROM ASTROCYTES PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL RELATED ASPECTS... 

Cali, C., Marchaland,J., Regazzi, R., and Bezzi, R (2008). SDF 1-alpha (CXCL12) triggers glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes on a millisecond time scale Imaging analysis at the single-vesicle level with TIRF microscopy.. . Neuroimmunol. 198, 82—91. 

Domercq, M., Brambilla, L., Pilati, E., Marchaland, J., Volterra, A., and Bezzi, P (2006). P2Y1 receptor-evoked glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes Control by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandins. J. Biol. Chem. 281, 30684-30696. 

Jourdain, P., Bergersen, L. H., Bhaukaurally, K., Bezzi, P., Santello, M., Domercq, M., Matute, C., Tonello, F., Gundersen, V., and Volterra, A. (2007). Glutamate exocytosis from astrocytes controls... 

Li, D., Ropert, N., Koulakoff, A., Giaume, C., and Oheim, M. (2008). Lysosomes are the major vesicular compartment undergoing Ca2+-regulated exocytosis from cortical astrocytes. J. Neurosci. 28, 7648-7658. 

Fig. 8.3 Chemokines are neuromodulators. Some chemokines can be synthesized, as their own receptor, by the same neuron (a). A chemokine released by exocytosis can modulate the electrical activity of neurons after binding to its own presynaptic receptor (autoreceptor). Chemokines can also act on other neurons and glial cells (astrocytes and microgha) which express chemokine receptors (b). (Adapted from Rostene and Melik-Parsadaniantz, Pour la Science 2008, 369 66-72)...

Regulated Exocytosis of Glutamate from Astrocytes can Modulate Synaptic Transmission... 

The molecular mechanisms leading to release of gliotransmitters, especially glutamate, from glia are under debate. Accumulating evidence clearly indicates that astrocytes secrete numerous transmitters by Ca2+-dependent exocytosis. This review will discuss the mechanisms underlying the release of chemical transmitters from astrocytes with a particular emphasis to the regulated exocytosis processes. 

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