Thermal efficiency artificial

A second criterion of performance sometimes used is an artificial thermal efficiency (tja) in which the energy in the fuel supply to the CHP plant is supposed to be reduced by that which would be required to produce the heat load (Qu) in a separate heat only boiler of efficiency (tjb). i e- by (Qu/ b)- The artificial efficiency (tja) is then given by 

For the unfired plant of Fig. 9.2a and taking Tjp = 0.90, the artificial efficiency would be 

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Dentures require accurate fit, reasonable chewing efficiency, and lifelike appearance (189). The chewing efficiency of artificial dentures is one-sixth that of natural dentition (190). AcryHc resins are generally used as powder/Hquid formulations for denture base, bone cement, and related appHcations. Polymerization is achieved thermally using initiators photochemicaHy using photoactive chemicals and either uv or visible light irradiation and at ambient temperatures using initiator/activator systems. 

A new crosslinkable polymer was synthesized by the SBP-catalyzed polymerization of cardanol. When HRP was used as catalyst for the cardanol polymerization, the reaction took place in the presence of a redox mediator (phe-nothiazine derivative) to give the polymer. Fe-salen efficiently catalyzed the polymerization of cardanol in organic solvents (Scheme 29). " The polymerization proceeded in 1,4-dioxane to give the soluble polymer with molecular weight of several thousands in good yields. The curing of the polymer took place in the presence of cobalt naphthenate catalyst at room temperature or thermal treatment (150°C for 30 min) to form yellowish transparent films ( artificial urushi ... 

Recent reports indicate that divalent transition metal ions, such as Cu +, forming links between two artificial hydroxypyridone nucleobases can efficiently replace the hydrogen bonding between natural nucleobases, A-T and G-C, in oligonucleotides. Such artificial metal-mediated base pairs results in a moderate increase in the thermal stability of the duplex. They could lead to nucleic acid materials with novel chemical and physical properties. Such ohgonucleotide derivatives are of interest for the design of biosensors, nanomolecular wires, and switches. 

The first silicon solar battery was developed in 1954 at the American company Bell. Due to its high production costs, which could not compete with production costs for electric energy produced in conventional thermal power plants, this new device at first drew little attention from the scientific community. In 1954 began the era of artificial earth satelites. The first satelites were equipped with electrochemical batteries, which allowed only for a limited operational time. Soon it was realized that semiconductor solar batteries are the only alternative for the power supply of satelites (and later spaceships) with an extended operational lifetime, and extended research and development (R D) work was started in this field. In 1958 the first sattelite with a silicon solar battery Vanguard 1 was launched. The conversion efficiency of its solar battery was 10%. The battery remained operable for about 8 years. 

On the other hand, single-wall CNTs (SWCNTs) can efficiently absorb and convert photon energy into thermal energy and have excellent thermal conductivities. Thus, they can act as a nanoscale heat source and thermal conduction pathway to heat the crosslinked LCP matrix effectively [51]. Furthermore, the resultant crosslinked PLCP/SWCNT nanocomposites exhibited effective photoactuation not only by white light but by near-IR irradiation as well [52]. Such nanocomposites were used to direct sun-driven artificial heliotropism for solar energy harvesting [53]. 

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