Artificial Glass

The 2 1 copolymer of diallyl phenylphosphonate, PhP(0)(0 CH=CH2)2 with methyl methacrylate, CH2=C(CH3)C00CH3, has a refractive index identical with that of some common silicate glass 

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Uses. Manufacture of lacquers, artificial leather, photographic film, artificial glass, celluloid, artificial silk, and furniture polish... 

Using innovative experiments, Tohidi and coworkers (2001) and Anderson et al. (2001) have shown that hydrates can be formed in artificial glass pores from saturated water, without a free gas phase. They found that with significant subcooling the amount of hydrate formation was proportional to the gas solubility carbon dioxide formed more hydrates from a saturated solution than did methane. Further, the maximum amount of methane hydrate formation was fairly low— about 3% of the pore volume—a value consistent with the amount of hydrates in sediment. 

Itaconic acid Itaconic anhydride Artificial glass, resins fibres, lattices, detergents, bioactive compounds Willke and Vorlop, 2001 Reddy and Singh, 2002 Fevinson etal., 2006... 

Of the methacrylics, methyl methacrylate (MMA) is by far the most important intermediate, with a production of approx. 2 X 10 t/a (1.6 X 10 t/a for Europe and USA [la]). It finds its main application in polymers as Plexiglass or Perspex, a crystal-clear artificial glass with high hardness, resistance to fracture, and chemical stability. About 80 % of the MMA is produced on the basis of the Acetone-Cyano//ydrin (ACH) process [lb]. This process involves stoichiometric chemistry and is characterized by an overall yield of MMA of about 80 % (based on acetone) with the stoichiometric production of about 2.4 t of ammonium bisul-fate/sulfuric acid waste per ton of MMA. This process is therefore faced with increasing environmental costs. As a consequence, several alternative catalytic processes for MMA production are - and have been - under development. 

Art, for the most part, makes hermaphroditical, that is, mixt figures, as partly Artificial, and partly Natural for Art may make some metal, as Pewter, which is between Tin and Lead, as also Brass, and numerous other things of mixed natures in the like manner may Artificial Glasses present objects, partly Natural, and partly Artificial.112... 

Dana described spherulites in obsidian in 1863 these are the snowflakes in snowflake obsidian. In 1879 Rutley noted that artificial glass may develop a spherulitic structure. 

Poly (methyl methacrylate) Artificial glass Toughness, clarity... 

Titanium tetrachloride (TiCLt) for the production of titanium, white pigment titanium oxide, and artificial glass beads or for the production of smoke screens. 

Artificial glasses are made by the art of craftsmen. Depending on the method of preparation, many substances are able to adopt a glassy state ... 

Hydroesterification of ethylene to methyl propionate using methanol (instead of water, above) with a Pd catalyst is an industrially valuable method developed by INEOS to produce methyl methacrylate (MMA), an important intermediate in industry (2 million tons/year) for polymer synthesis (mainly Plexiglass or Perpex , a crystal-clear artificial glass with high hardness, resistance to fracture, and chemical stability). ... 

Artificial joints, artificial glass Clare, Japan Synthetic Chemicals... 

One more application area is composite materials where one wants to investigate the 3D structure and/or reaction to external influences. Fig.3a shows a shadow image of a block of composite material. It consists of an epoxy matrix with glass fibers. The reconstructed cross-sections, shown in Fig.3b, clearly show the fiber displacement inside the matrix. The sample can be loaded in situ to investigate the reaction of matrix and fibers to external strain. Also absorption and transmission by liquids can be visualized directly in three-dimensions. This method has been applied to the study of oil absorption in plastic granules and water collection inside artificial plant grounds. 

Since quench rates in simulations typically are artificially high, this leads to a special problem for comparison with experiment as well as to the question whether there is a more general way to determine the glass transition temperature from the structure of the system. The experimental definition of viscosity is certainly not apphcable to simulations. 

Red lead (Pb304) is manufactured on the 20000-tonne scale annually and is used primarily as a surface coating to prevent corrosion of iron and steel (check oxidation-reduction potentials). It is also used in the production of leaded glasses and ceramic glazes and. very substantially, as an activator, vulcanizing agent and pigment in natural and artificial rubbers and plastics. 

In vitro, Latin in vitro veritas (in glass lies the truth) referring to experiments conducted in an artificial environment (i.e., organ bath, cell culture) leading to conditions of fewer and more controllable variables. 

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