Arthropod pests, biological control

Another success in resistance management involves not just a single key pest species, but a whole complex of phytophagous arthropod pests of apple in the United States (39). It also focuses on resistance management of a number of beneficial arthropod predators and parasitoids that provide significant biological control of a variety of secondary pests on this crop. 

Use of Clavicipitalean Fungi for the Biological Control of Arthropod Pests... 

Of the other clavicipitalean genera, no records can be found concerning the use of the teleomorph per se as an infective unit for the biological control of arthropod pests. However, the literature on the exploitation of their anamorphs is vast and predates that on chemical pest control. Thus, it is not feasible to encompass all of this information in a single chapter. Instead, selected examples are presented for each anamorph genus to reflect both the past history and the current situation. 

Much, perhaps too much, has been written about the actual and potential use of entomopathogenic fungi, many of which pertain to the Clavicipitaceae, for the biological control of arthropod pests. It is not the intention here, nor is it the appropriate place, to fuel the polemic. The pros and cons of the debate can be assessed elsewhere in recent reviews (Moore and prior, 1993 Wraight and Carruthers, 1999 Butt et al., 1999, 2001 Hajek et al., 2001). 

Biological control of arthropod pests by parasltoids and predators is a cost effective and, potentially, permanent form of... 

Proteolytic enzymes Animals, including insects and other arthropods or their larval forms Dusts from barley, oats, rye, wheat or maize, or Biological washing powders and the baking, brewing, fish, silk and leather industries Research and educational laboratories, pest control and fruit cultivation The baking or flour milling industry or on farms... 

Carrot Biological pest control, soil management Higher diversity of predaceous arthropods Berry et ai. (1996)... 

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