Arthropod predators

Second, the increased movement necessary for locating widely dispersed feeding sites should increase contact rates with enemies. Movement makes insects more conspicuous to parasitoids or predators sensitive to it (50,51). Random encounters with arthropod predators or parasites should increase with searching activity, as would risk of dislodgement and fallout. 

Kellner RLE, Dettner K. Differential efficacy of toxic pederin in deterring potential arthropod predators of Paederus (Coleoptera Staphylinidae) offspring. Oecologia 1996 107 293-300. 

Another success in resistance management involves not just a single key pest species, but a whole complex of phytophagous arthropod pests of apple in the United States (39). It also focuses on resistance management of a number of beneficial arthropod predators and parasitoids that provide significant biological control of a variety of secondary pests on this crop. 

Thorbek P, Bilde T. 2004. Reduced numbers of generalist arthropod predators after crop management. J Appl Ecol 41 526-538. 

Venzon, M., Janssen, A., Pallini, A., and Sabelis, M. W., 2000, Diet of a polyphagous arthropod predator affects refuge seeking of its thrips prey, Anim. Behav. 60 369-375. 

Harwood, J.D., W.G. Wallin, and J.J. Obrycki. 2005. Uptake of Bt endotoxins by non-target herbivores and higher order arthropod predators molecular evidence from a transgenic corn agroecosystem. Mol. Ecol. 14 2815-2823. 

An excellent review by Roth and Eisner (63) summarized the chemical defense substances found in arthropods up to 1962. These authors listed 31 defense substances of known structure one anhydride, three carboxylic acids, nine aldehydes, one furan, three hydrocarbons, two ketones, one lactone, eight quinones, and three inorganic compounds. Many of these same compounds (unsaturated aldehydes and quinones) have been found in other arthropods since 1962 (38). The compounds are discharged when the animal is disturbed by predators, and there can be no doubt that the action of most of them... 

Widespread use of mirex may lead to altered population structure in terrestrial systems, with resurgence or escalation of nontarget pests due to selective mirex-induced mortality of predators (NAS 1978). For example, populations of immature horn flies and rove beetles, two species of arthropods normally preyed upon by fire ants, were higher in mirex-treated areas than in control areas (Howard and Oliver 1978). Conversely, other species, such as crickets, ground beetles, and various species of oil-loving ants, were directly affected and populations were still depressed or eliminated 14 months posttreatment (NAS 1978), whereas fire ants recovered to higher than pretreatment levels, as judged by mound numbers and mound size (Summerlin et al. 1977). 

Eisner T (1970) Chemical defense against predators in arthropods. In Sondheimer E, Simeone JB (eds) Chemical ecology. Academic Press, New York, p 157... 

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