Arrow project model

One and only one arrow is used to represent the operation/activity to be performed. Length and direction in which it points have no significance unless it is time scaled. Arrows are connected to form a model of the project by answering, for each operation/activity, the questions What immediately precedes this activity and What immediately follows this activity ... 

Fig. 20. (a) Active sites observed by in situ atomic-resolution ETEM structural modification of VPO in n-butane along (201) indicates the presence of in-plane anion vacancies (active sites in the butane oxidation) between vanadyl octahedra and phosphate tetrahedra. (b) Projection of (010) VPO (top) and generation of anion vacancies along (201) in n-butane. V and P are denoted. Bottom model of novel glide shear mechanism for butane oxidation catalysis the atom arrowed (e.g., front layer) moves to the vacant site leading to the structure shown at the bottom. 

Fig. 4. New structural models for amyloid and prion filaments with the parallel and in-register arrangement of //-strands in the //-sheets. //-Strands are denoted by arrows. The filaments are formed by hydrogen-bonded stacks of repetitive units. Axial projections of single repetitive units corresponding to each model are shown on the top. Lateral views of the overall structures are on the bottom. (A) The core of a //-helical model of the //-amyloid protofilament (Petkova et al., 2002). Two such protofilaments coil around one another to form a //-amyloid fibril. (B) The core of a //-helical model of the HET-s prion fibril (Ritter et al., 2005). The repetitive unit consists of two //-helical coils. (C) The core of a superpleated //-structura l model suggested for yeast prion Ure2p protofilaments and other amyloids (Kajava et al., 2004).

FIGURE 1.17 Preferential conformational states of cinchonan carbamate selectors shown in Newman projection (a) and line models of 3D images (b) as exemplified by 0-9- tert-butylcarbamoyljquinine (arrows indicate intramolecular NOEs). (Reproduced from K. Akasaka et al., Chirality, 17 544 (2005). With permission.)... 

Figure 3.5 Characterization of different polarizations of an axially symmetric system JMj for the special example J = 5/2. According to the vector model the projections M, = 5/2, 3/2, 1/2, —1/2, —3/2 and —5/2 are shown as tilted arrows precessing around the z-axis (in order to indicate this precession, the arrows have been drawn to both the left and right). The length of the arrows is used as a measure for the number of particles in the corresponding magnetic state, thus giving information about polarization. The polarizations shown are (a) an aligned, (b) an isotropic, and (c) an oriented system.

Figure 6. Remanence enhancement in a two-phase Nd2Fe 4B/Fe3B magnet containing 343 grains. Left Finite element model of the grain structure. Right Magnetization distribution in a slice plane for zero applied field. The arrows denote the magnetization direction projected on a slice plane.

For very complex projects it is necessary to assign the dependency to each individual task already while each task is described in order not to overlook essential task links.This is best done using PERT charts or an arrow model. 

Fig. 9 Final structure model of the rutile (100)-(lx3) surface projected along [001], An arrow indicates the origin of the superstructure cell. The titanium atoms labelled Til-Ti5 and A, B are co-ordinated by oxygen as follows Til threefold Ti2 fivefold Ti3 bridge site Ti4 sixfold Ti5 sixfold A fivefold (interstitial site) and B sixfold (trigonal prismatic). (Reprinted from [83]).

Figure 14 The conceptual hydrogeological model of the Palmottu, Finland research site. The arrows indicate the measured flow directions, the distribution of groundwater types is shown, and some of the measured and inferred geochemical processes are also indicated (Blomqvist et al., 2000) (reproduced by permission of European Commission from The Palmottu Natural Analogue Project, Phase II Transport of Radionuclides in a Natural Flow...

Fig. 3. Hard-sphere scale model of the Al(l 11)—(2 x 2)—Rb structure, where Rb atoms are adsorbed in on-top sites, a) top view, in which the unit cell is marked, b) side view, shown as a central projection on the [112] plane through the dashed line in a). The directions of vertical displacements of A1 atoms are indicated by arrows.

Figure 2 The density of states projected to the d-band of Pd-Re model surfaces. Solid line refers to the DOS projected to the d-band of the top layer. The dotted line refers to the second layer, (a) pure Pd(l 11), (b) PdML/Re(0001), (c) Re(OOOl), and (d) ReML/Pd(l 11). The center of the d-band for each surface is depicted by the arrow. (Adapted from Ref. [43].)...

Fig. 10.7. Limit cycle behaviour of the cascade model for the mitotic oscillator. The curves are obtained by projecting the trajectory of the three-variable system governed by eqns (10.1) onto the cyclin-cdc2 kinase (C, M) plane. Two sets of initial conditions are considered, one inside and the other outside the limit cycle arrows indicate the direction of the time evolution. Parameter values are X, = 0.1 (i = 1,... 4), = 0.5 min" Vj = 0.167 min = 0.2 min ...

Two of the possible conformations of ethane staggered and eclipsed. Interconversion is easy via a 60° rotation about the C—C bond, as shown by the curved arrows. The structures at the left are spacefilling models. In each case, the next structure is a dash-wedge structure, which, if viewed as shown by the eyes, converts to the sawhorse" drawing, or the Newman projection at the right, an end-on view down the C—C axis, in the Newman projection, the circie represents two connected carbon atoms. Bonds on the front carbon go to the center of the circie, and bonds on the rear carbon go oniy to the edge of the circie. 

Fig. 6. Heulandite. Polyhedral model of the structure projected parallel to the c axis with squares representing the most important extra-framework sites. The prominent symmetry elements for space group C2/m are depicted as small circles = center of inversion bold horizontal hnes = traces of mirror planes arrows = twofold axis [03G1].

Figure 6.18 Projection images of a rat lung at three magnification levels. The white dashed box on the left image encloses the middle image and the solid white box on the middle image encloses the right image. The small white rectangles designated by the arrows are the boxes across which the line scans were taken for vessel diameter estimation in the respective lower panels. The solid lines in the lower panels indicate a model fit to the line scan data obtained from the vessel cross section.

---