Arora, Ashish

Arora, Ashish, Ralph Landau, and Nathan Rosenberg, eds. Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth Insights from the Chemical Industry. New York John Wiley and Sons, in conjunction with the Chemical Heritage Foundation, 1998. 

Arora, Ashish, Landau Ralph, and Nathan Rosenberg, (eds.) (1998), Chemicals and Long-term Economic Growth, New York, John Wiley Sons. 

This chapter treats what two historians of the chemical industry, Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella, call all-around companies that compete in multiple sectors (SIC codes) of the industry A very small number of the American and European enterprises, six American all-around core companies and a somewhat larger number of European companies, were responsible for commercializing the initial wave of chemical products flowing from the new science-based technologies at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. These companies, along with most of the petroleum companies listed in Table 1.1, were also responsible for the polymer/petrochemical revolution in the middle decades of the past century. 

For the specialized engineering firms, see Ashish Arora and Nathan Rosenberg, Chemicals A U.S. Success Story, pp. 96-97, and Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella, Evolution of Industry Strurture in the Chemical Industry, ... 

I am particularly indebted to Ralph Landau, who provided a valuable learning experience at a series of meetings at Stanford University in preparation for the publication (with Ashish Arora and Nathan Rosenberg) of Chemicals and Long-Term Growth, published by John Wiley in 1998. 

Ashish Arora and Nathan Rosenberg, "Chemicals A U.S. success story," in (ibid.), 71-102. 

Ashish Arora, Alfonso Gambardella, Fabio Pammolli and Massimo Riccaboni... 

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