Gambardella, Alfonso

This chapter treats what two historians of the chemical industry, Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella, call all-around companies that compete in multiple sectors (SIC codes) of the industry A very small number of the American and European enterprises, six American all-around core companies and a somewhat larger number of European companies, were responsible for commercializing the initial wave of chemical products flowing from the new science-based technologies at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. These companies, along with most of the petroleum companies listed in Table 1.1, were also responsible for the polymer/petrochemical revolution in the middle decades of the past century. 

See Ashish Arora and Alfonso Gambardella, Evolution of Industry Strurture in the Chemical Industry, in Ashish Arora, Ralph Landau, and Nathan Rosenberg, eds.. Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth Insights from the Chemical Industry (New York Wiley/Interscience, 1998), pp. 379-414. 

Alfonso Gambardella, Science and Innovation The U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry during the 1980s (New York Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 23-24. 

For the Syntex story, see the sponsored publication A Corporation and a Molecule The Story of Research at Syntex Corporation (Palo Alto, CA, 1966) Alfonso Gambardella, Science and Innovation The U.S. Pharmaceutical Industry during the 1980s (New York Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 99-101. For Roche Biomedical Laboratories and Roche Bioscience, see Thomas Derdak, ed.. International Directory of Company Histories, vo. 11 (Chicago St. James Press, 1993),... 

Fabrizio Cesaroni Alfonso Gambardella Walter Garcia-Fontes... 

Comments and suggestions made by Alfonso Gambardella, Walter Garcia-Fontes, Ed Steinmueller, the participants in the Third Triple Helix Conference in Rio de Janeiro and the participants in the City University (London) seminar series are acknowledged. Particular thanks go to Claudia Rutigliano for her skilful research assistance. The financial support of the Commission of the European Communities, TSER project From Science to Product is also acknowledged. 

Ashish Arora, Alfonso Gambardella, Fabio Pammolli and Massimo Riccaboni... 

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