Arginine, biosynthesis

Gelius-Dietrich G, Ter Braak M, Henze (2007) Mitochondrial steps of arginine biosynthesis are conserved in the hydrogenosomes of the chytridiomycete Neocallimastix frontalis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 54 42-44... 

S ATP + N-acetyl-L-glutamate <3-5> (<3,4> key enzyme in regulation of arginine biosynthesis [3, 4] <5> second enzyme of arginine biosynthesis... 

Farago, A. Denes, G. Mechanism of arginine biosynthesis in Chlamydomo-nas reinhardti. II. Purification and properties of N-acetylglutamate 5-phos-photransferase, the allosteric enzyme of the pathway. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 136, 6-18 (1967)... 

Wolf, E.C. Weiss, R.L. Acetylglutamate kinase. A mitochondrial feedback-sensitive enzyme of arginine biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa. J. Biol. Chem., 255, 9189-9195 (1980)... 

Abadjieva, A. Pauwels, K. Hilven, P. Crabeel, M. A new yeast metabolon involving at least the two first enzymes of arginine biosynthesis acetylglutamate synthase activity requires complex formation with acetylglutamate kinase. J. Biol. Chem., 276, 42869-42880 (2001)... 

Pauwels, K. Abadjieva, A. Hilven, P. Stankiewicz, A. Crabeel, M. The N-acetylglutamate synthase/N-acetylglutamate kinase metabolon of Saccharo-myces cerevisiae allows co-ordinated feedback regulation of the first two steps in arginine biosynthesis. Eur. J. Biochem., 270, 1014-1024 (2003)... 

Ramon-Maiques, S. Marina, A. Gil-Ortiz, F. Fita, I. Rubio, V. Structure of acetylglutamate kinase, a key enzyme for arginine biosynthesis and a prototype for the amino acid kinase enzyme family, during catalysis. Structure, 10, 329-342 (2002)... 

Carbamoyl phosphate synthase contributes to two processes (a) the initial enzyme in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines and (b) a component in the synthesis of arginine biosynthesis or the urea cycle. In bacteria both of these processes occur within the same compartment. In human beings the carbamoyl phosphate synthase involved in the urea cycle is contained in... 

In eukaryotic cells, the two enzymes are in different cellular compartments. Form I uses ammonia and is mitochondrial its function is to provide activated ammonia for arginine biosynthesis (and urea formation during Nitrogen elimination). Form II uses glutamine and is cytoplasmic it functions in pyrimidine biosynthesis. 

CPSase of arginine biosynthesis anthranilate synthetase component II p-aminobenzoaie synthetase GMP and CTP synthetases ... 

Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the enzyme catalyzing the dehydrogenation of dihydroorotate to orotate (reaction 4 of the pathway Fig. 15-15), is located on the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This enzyme has FAD as a prosthetic group and in mammals electrons are passed to ubiquinone. The de novo pyrimidine pathway is thus compartmentalized dihydroorotate synthesized by trifunctional DHO synthetase in the cytosol must pass across the outer mitochondrial membrane to be oxidized to orotate, which in turn passes back to the cytosol to be a substrate for bifunctional UMP synthase. Mammalian cells contain two carbamoyl phosphate synthetases the glutamine-dependent enzyme (CPSase II) which is part of CAD, and an ammonia-dependent enzyme (CPSase /) which is found in the mitochondrial matrix, and which is used for urea and arginine biosynthesis. Under certain conditions (e.g., hyperammonemia), carbamoyl phosphate synthesized in the matrix by CPSase I may enter pyrimidine biosynthesis in the cytosol. 

Wozny, M.E., Camevale, H.N., Jones, E.E. Alteration of regulation of arginine biosynthesis in E. coli W by mutation to rifampicin resistance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 383,106 (1975)... 

Campbell, J.W. and Speeg, K.V., Jr., 1969. Arginine biosynthesis and metabolism in terrestrial snails. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 25 3—32. 

L-argininosuccinate from citrulline and L-aspartate in the arginine biosynthesis pathway potential Cdc28p substrate... 

ARG5,6 Protein that is processed in the mitochondrion to yield acetylglutamate kinase and N-acetyl-y-glutamyl-phosphate reductase, which catalyze the second and third steps in arginine biosynthesis enzymes form a complex with Arg2p... 

Mammalian cells contain two carbamoyl phosphate synthetases the glutamine-dependent enzyme (CPSase II) which is part of CAD and an ammonia-dependent enzyme (CPSase /) which is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and which is used in urea and arginine biosynthesis. Under certain conditions (e.g., hyperammonemia), carbamoyl phosphate synthesized in the matrix by CPSase I may enter pyrimidine biosynthesis in the cytoplasm. 

Birds appear unable to synthesise any arginine via the urea cycle (see Section 5.4), which may be because of lack of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I in mitochondria (Baker, 1991), and, as a result, the dietary requirement for arginine is higher than in growing mammals. However, they do appear to have a carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II in the cytosol (Maresh, Kwan Kalman, 1969). This may be part of the multienzyme protein G D (carbamoyl phosphate synthase-aspartate carbamoyl transferase-dihydroorotase), responsible for the biosynthesis of 3ihydroorotate, a pyrimidine precursor, but this is bound on the multienzyme protein, and it seems unlikely that it would be available for arginine biosynthesis (see Price Stevens, 1989). 

M. Ginesy, J. Belotserkovsky, J. Enman, L. Isaksson, U. Rova, Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for enhanced arginine biosynthesis, Microb. CeU Fact. 14, 1-11 (2015). 

A novel type of N-acetylglutamate synthase is involved in the first step of arginine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. BMC Genomics,... 

Let us begin by examining arginine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli (Fig. 2). Natural selection puts a premium on the efficiency with which bacteria can utilize nutrients for growth and has thus led to the emergence of mechanisms for the feedback control of biosynthetic pathways. 

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